mass

occupied

Simplest form of matter. It cannot be divisible, created nor destroy E.g. copper, Cu ; Sodium, Na, Lead, Pb ; Magnesium, Mg

2 or more atoms combine chemically E.g. Hydrogen, H2 Oxygen, O2 ; Chlorine , Cl2 ; water, H2O ; carbon dioxide, CO2 ; glucose , C6H12O6

An atom / molecule with charge when donate or lose electrons.

Cation Anion

Na+ Mg2+

Cl O2

Substance that are made from the same type of atoms E.g. : Cu ; Na ; Pb ; Mg ; O2 ; H2 ; Cl2

2 or more elements that combine chemically E.g. : H2O ; CO2 ; C6H12O6 ; NaCl ; MgCl2 ; Na2O

high low

vaporisation condensation

During constant temperature -Energy supplied is equal to energy use to overcome forces of attraction by all particles -As a result, temperature become constant.

When heating - Heat energy kinetic energy -Particles vibrate more rapid -Overcome forces of attraction between particles

During constant temperature -Energy lost by system is equal to energy released to surrounding -Particles rearranged in close pack to from liquid / solid

When cooling - kinetic energy heat energy -Lost to surrounding by heat E -Forces of attraction become stronger as K.E. is now lowered

proton + neutron

same different

6 6 6

6 7 6

6 8 6

2 2.5 2.8.4 2.8.8

2.3 2.7 2.8.6 2.8.8.2

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI PbI2 + 2 KNO3

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

P4O10 + 6 H2O 4 H3PO4

1.0
0.090

0.15

0.15 x 24 dm3 = 3.6 dm3

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

Li
Na K Rb Cs

red
blue

F Cl

Br
I At

2+

2-

Pb2+ + 2 Br

2 Br Br2 + 2 e

Pb2+ + 2 e Pb
Cu2+ + 2 Cl

2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e
2 O2 O2 + 4 e

Cu2+ + 2 e Cu
2Al3+ + 3 O2

Al3+ + 3 e Al

Ag+

Cu2+ OH

H+ I

Pb2+ Fe2+ Zn2+ Br Cl

Al3+ Mg2+ Na+ NO3 SO42 F

K+

Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 Lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 Iron(II) nitrate, Fe(NO3)2 Gold (I) nitrate, AuNO3 Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2

Cathode

Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2

Anode

Anode Anode

Cathode

Silver (I) nitrate, Cathode AgNO3 Nickel (II) nitrate, Cathode Ni(NO3)2 Tin(II) nitrate, Anode Sn(NO3)2 Silver (I) nirate, AgNO3 Cathode

Anode

Cu2+ + 2 e- Cu

Zn Zn2+ + 2 eAg+ + e- Ag Ni2+ + 2 e- Ni Ag+ + e- Ag

Cu2+ + Zn Cu + Zn2+ Pb Pb2+ + 2 e2 Ag+ + Pb 2 Ag + Pb2+ Fe Fe2+ + 2 eNi2+ + Fe Ni + Fe2+ Cu Cu2+ + 2 e2 Ag+ + Cu 2 Ag + Cu2+

X X X X

Cu < Pb < Zn < Mg