PRESENTATION BYPRAKHAR KUMAR SHARMA AND MOHAMMAD SHAKER AZIZI M.B.

A 1ST SEMESTER MONIRBA(ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION :
Management in one or the other form has existed in every knook and corner of the world since the dawn of civilization. The origin of management can be traced back to the days when man started living in groups. History reveals that strong men organized the masses into groups and became their leaders. Evidence of the use of principles of management is found in the construction of Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China,the Qutub Minar and the Taj Mahal etc.

Bamiyan Afghanistan (about 1500 years ago) 300 meters long

Golden Temple Amritsar(1581-1606)

Development of Management thought :

Modern management approaches

Early management approaches

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith division of labor Venetian business enterprises and their management practices

1400

1700

1800

1900- 1950

Post 1950

EVENTS SIGNIFICANT TO EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT :

1) Adam Smith concept of division of labour(Job specialization) In 1776 published his book The Wealth Of Nations. Explained the advantages of breakdown of jobs into

narrow and repetitive tasks.

2)

Industrial revolutionMachine power was substituted for human power. The structure of industry became extremely complex. Implementation of new management thoughts became necessary.

MANAGEMENT IN ANTIQUITY :
1) EGYPT : The egyptian skill in planning and organizing the construction of public edifices in their pyramids. 2) CHINA : Some fifteen hundred and more years ago there flourished in china a diverse and complex civilization. Need for methodological means of employee selection and staffing was also recognized by ancient chinese philosophers.

3) INDIA : Around 320 B.C. ,subjects such as organization and

4)

management of trade and commerce,taxation ,agriculture, factories,etc. were covered by Kautilya also named Vishnugupta in his book Arthashashtra. ROME : Craft and trading groups developed early in Rome. Groups operated under the personal leadership of strong or skilled individuals leaders. As rome became a city and spread by growth,its industries became large and numerous. Gradually emerged a group of leaders claasified as managers. Managers employed staff assistance,such as accountants and scribes,bought slaves and developed organizations to accomplish goals.

PERIOD OF MANAGERIAL AWAKENING :

Around 1750,England entered a period referred to as industrial revolution.
With advent of industrial revolution the factory system,as it is known today,became a dominant feature of economy. Land/building,hired labour and capital are made available to the enterpreneur.

Certain pioneer challenged the traditional character of management by introducing new ideas and approaches.

APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT IN COURSE OF EVOLUTION :

1) CLASSICAL APPROACH :
Emphasize on rationality. Making organization and workers as efficient as

possible.
THEORIES OF CLASSICAL APPROACH : A. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT : Use of scientific methods to define the one best way for a job to be done.

BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT :

Each task must be scientifically designed. Workers must be scientifically selected

and trained so that they can be more productive . Bring the scientifically designed jobs and workers together so that there will be a match between them. Division of labor and cooperation between management & workers.

CONTRIBUTION OF F.W.TAYLOR IN SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT : Apply scientific methods to shop-floor jobs. Performed pig iron experiment. Known as the father of scientific management. CONTRIBUTION OF FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH : Used motion pictures to study hand and body motions. Invented a device called Microchronometer. Devised a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand motions,they called Therbligs.

B. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY : Focused on describing what managers do and what constitute good management practice.

CONTRIBUTION OF HENRI FAYOL : First identified five functions that managers perform:planning,organizing,commanding,coord inating and controlling. Develop 14 principles of management I. Division of work. II. Authority. III. Discipline. IV. Unity of command.

IV. Unity of direction. V. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. VI. Remuneration. VII. Centralization. VIII.Scalar chain. IX. Order. X. Equity. XI. Stability of tenure of personnel. XII. Initiative. XIII.Esprit de corps.

CONTRIBUTION OF MAX WEBER :

DIVISION OF LABOUR
AUTHORITY HIERARCHY

CAREER ORIENTATION

A BUREAUCRACY SHOULD HAVE

IMPERSONALITY

FORMAL RULES AND REGULATIONS

FORMAL SELECTION

2) QUANTITATIVE APPROACH : Use of quantitative techniques(statistics,information

models,computer simulations) to improve decision making. Also known as management science. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT : Philosophy of management driven by continuous improvement and responsiveness to costumer needs and expectations.
3) BEHAVIORAL APPROACH :
Field of study that researches the action(behavior) of

people at work also called Organizational behavior.

4) CONTEMPORARY APPROACH : A. SYSTEMS THEORY : A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. Two basic types a) CLOSED SYSTEMS : Not influenced by and do not interact with their environment. b) OPEN SYSTEMS : Systems that interact with their environment.

Environment

D E
Sub-systems

System Approach

Environment

B. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH : Also called situational approach. Organizations are different,face different situations(contingencies),and require different ways of managing. 5) DECISION MAKING APPROACH : Make effective decisions. Commit to decisions made. Focus organization energies on the action required by the decision rather than on decision making process.

CONTRIBUTION OF EARLY AUTHORS OF MANAGEMENT :

1) ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858) :
Believed that workers performance was influenced by

working conditions,working hours,facilities,training of workers,rest places,kind treatment etc. He can thus be called as fore runner of personal management.
2) CHARLES BABBAGE (1792-1871) : Tried to advance technology. Advocated

the use of science and mathematics,investigation and accurate data to run the factories.

 Suggested division of work into mental and

physical efforts. Invented the analytical engine which was the forerunner of modern computer.
3) JAMES WATT JUNIOUR(1796-1848) ROBINSON BOULTON(1770-1842) : a) Production planning. b) Standardization of parts. c) Elaborate statistical records. d) Welfare of workers.

AND

They used following management techniques :

4) FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1856-1915) : Provided a base upon which much of our current

thinking about management is firmly established. Saw the need of systematic management to analyse the work. To measure it and to assign portion of work to the people best selected and trained to perform the work. He published his book The Principles Of Scientific Management in 1911.