4.

1 Natural Resources on Earth

Animals Living things Resources on Earth Non living things Plants

Air Water
Soil Petroleum Fossil fuels Coal Natural Gas

4.2 Understanding Element, Compound and Mixture

Matter

Element

Compound

Mixture

Metal

Nonmetal

Element
Element: a substance that consists one type of atom only. It is the simplest matter and cannot be separated by any chemical or physical method.

Atom

Molecule

Classification of Element
Element
Metal - In solid form except for mercury (liquid) -Eg: calcium, copper, gold, lead

Non metal
-Exist in all states (solid, liquid and gas) at room temperature.

-Eg: sulphur, carbon, bromine, oxygen

Shiny
Malleable Ductile Good Good

Surface
Malleability Ductility Heat Conductivity Electric Conductivity

Dull
Not malleable Brittle Weak
Do not conduct, except Carbon

High
High

Melting and boiling point

Density

Low
Low

Surface
The surface of metals are usually shiny when polished compared to nonmetals.

Malleability
Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into various shapes without rupture or fracture.

Malleability

Ductility
Ductility is the ability of a metal to be bent or stretched permanently without rupture or fracture. Metals that lack ductility will crack or break before bending.

Ductility

Nonmetal- silicon

Metal- aluminium

Heat Conductivity
The ability to transfer heat. Which material is easier to get hot? Metal or nonmetal material?

Electric conductivity
The ability of transferring electricity.

Melting and boiling point Density

Most metals are solid (except for mercury), therefore it requires more heat to melt them. Since metals are mostly solids, their mass are higher, thus their densities are all high.

Compound
A compound is a substance that contains two or more atoms chemically combined together. The components in compound can only be separated through chemical reactions such as electrolysis or heating.

Mixture
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that have been mixed physically; for example by stirring. A mixture may consists of elements, compounds or both.

Chemically formed
New substance is formed New properties Heat energy is released Can be separated chemically
Components that make up compound cannot be identified

Formation
Formation of new substance Properties of components Conversion of energy Separation Identification of components

Physically mixed
No new substance is formed Retain its original properties Heat energy is not released Can be separated physically
Components of mixture can be identified easily

Video 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q62UfP-ZADY

Electrolysis of Copper (II) Sulphate: Separating a compound

When sugar is heated, it will be broken into carbon and water

Examples of mixtures

Filtration: to separate insoluble solids

Evaporation: to separate dissolved solid particles from its solvent

Distillation: to separate a solvent from a liquid or solidliquid mixture.

Using magnet: to separate substances which are attracted to a magnet from nonmagnetic substances.

Sieving: to separate mixture of solid substances with different sizes.

Extraction: to separate liquid substances that do not mix well and with different densities

Chromatography: to separate coloured components in a mixture

4.3 Appreciating The Importance Of The Variety Of Earths Resources To Man.

Oxygen

Breathing, cell respiratin, combustion, burning

Carbon dioxide To put out fire, for photosynthe sis

Soil Habitat for many types of living things

Minerals Soil contains minerals and water which is vital for growing of plants

Fossil fuels To provide energy for household use, factories and power stations to generate electricity.

Water Regulates body temperature, controls the concentration of blood

Living things
As food, medicine, fibre, building materials, and so on.

 Conservation: involves the intelligent use and care of our resources.

Preservation: the act of keeping the resources in their original state.