Lab Activity 4

Classification of Tissues Martini Chapter 4

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia PJM3106

Tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure and function
Each tissue is then further subdivided into categories.

All organs are made of a combination of different tissues. The four types of tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
2

Epithelial Tissue Distinguishing Characteristics

1. Cellularity: Composed almost entirely of cells 2. Polarity: apical and basal surfaces (top and a bottom) 3. Attachment: Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane) 4. Avascular: Contains no blood vessels: obtains nutrients by diffusion 5. Regeneration: Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
3

Classification of Epithelia
1. First name:
Simple: one layer Stratified: more than one layer Based on the shape of the top layer of cells Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (square) Columnar (rectangle)

2. Second name:

3. Two additional categories

Transitional Pseudostratified
4

Classification of Epithelia

Classification of Epithelia
Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar
6

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flattened cells with discshaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Top View

Simple Squamous Epithelium

10

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Functions: 1. Diffusion
Alveoli in the respiratory system allows for exchange of O2 and CO2

2. Filtration
Capillaries allow fluid and other substances out and holds blood cells and proteins in

3. Lubrication
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
11

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

12

13

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

14

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Functions: 1. Secretion
Glands such as the thyroid are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and secrete hormones ect

2. Absorption
In the kidney, the proximal convoluted tubule is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and reabsorbs water and other nutrients from the filtered fluid
15

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei toward the basal surface
Goblet cells are often found in this layer

16

Simple Columnar Epithelium

17

Simple Columnar Epithelium

18

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Functions 1. Secretion
Example: In the stomach, these cells secrete digestive enzymes

2. Absorption
Example: In the intestine, these cells absorb nutrients

19

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface Nuclei are seen at different levels May be ciliated (PCCE) or non-ciliated

20

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

21

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium (PCCE)

22

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium (PCCE)

Functions 1. Protection
Example: Lines the upper respiratory tract. The cilia sweep debris toward the throat

2. Secretion
Example: May contain goblet cells (unicellular glands) that secrete mucus

23

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Composed of several layers of cells
Top layer flat Bottom layers any shape

Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

24

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Non-keratinized
Composed of several layers of cells
Top layer flat Bottom layers any shape

25

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-Keratinized

26

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-Keratinized

Functions 1. Physical protection against abrasion and
pathogens Non-Keratinized is associated with moist areas Mouth Throat Esophagus Anus Vagina
27

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized

Looks flakey on the top

28

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized

29

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized

Functions 1. Physical Protection
Found only in the epidermis of the skin Keratin is a protein that helps strengthen the cells against abrasion

30

Transitional Epithelium
Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal Apical cells are dome shaped when not stretched Apical cells are flat when stretched Only found in Urinary System Functions: 1. Allows expansion and recoil after stretching
31

Transitional Epithelium

Distended bladder

Empty bladder
32

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar

Typically two cell layers thick Rare Functions:
1. Secretion Found in some sweat and mammary glands

33

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

34

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

35

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Limited distribution in the body

To tell the difference between this and pseudostratified columnar, look at the nucleus. The nuclei are lined up in a straight row

Function
1. Protection Found in the pharynx, male urethra, lining some glandular ducts, and anus

36

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

37

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

38

Connective Tissue
4 Types 1. Connective Tissue Proper 2. Bone 3. Blood 4. Cartilage

39

Connective Tissue Features

1. Specialized cells 2. Matrix: Nonliving material between the cells that makes up most of the volume (ground substance + fibers) Extracellular fibers Ground substance: Composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans Specific composition varies between tissues (Blood=fluid, Cartilage=gel like, Bone=Solid)
40

Connective Tissue Fibers

Collagen Fibers: Fibrous protein molecules
Extremely tough High tensile strength Strongest type of fibers in connective tissue.

41

Connective Tissue Fibers

Elastic Fibers: Form branching networks
Elastin: a rubber like protein that allow it to act like a rubber band and snap back to its original shape after it is stretched

Reticular Fibers: Forming delicate networks Fine collagenous fibers (with a different chemical structure) branch extensively Surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs
42

Cells of Connective Tissue Proper

1. Fibroblasts: Secrete the matrix 2. Macrophages: Scavenger cells that engulf pathogens or damaged cells 3. Adipocytes: Fat cells 4. Mesenchymal Cells: Stem cells 5. Mast cells: Stimulate local inflammation: contain histamine and heparin

6. Lymphocytes/microphages: WBC involved in immunity

43

Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose)

Gel like matrix Contains all 3 fiber types Functions:
1. Wraps and cushions organs 2. Holds and conveys tissue fluid

Locations:
1. Under epithelial tissues 2. Packages organs 3. Surrounds capillaries
44

Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose)

Fibroblast Collagen fiber Macrophage

Elastic fiber

45

Adipose Tissue (Loose)

Function:
1. Storage of lipid molecules 2. Insulation

46

Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)

Network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance Functions
1. Soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types

Locations
1. Lymph nodes 2. Bone marrow 3. Spleen
47

Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)

48

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Primarily parallel collagen fibers Major cell type: fibroblast Functions:
1. Withstands great tensile stress pulling in one direction

Locations:
1. Tendons 2. Ligaments 3. Aponeuroses
49

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

50

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers Functions:
1. Withstands tension exerted in many directions 2. Provides structural strength

Locations:
1. Dermis of skin 2. Submucosa of digestive tract 3. Fibrous capsules of organs and joints
51

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

52

Elastic Connective Tissue (Dense)

Dense regular CT dominated by elastic fibers Functions: 1. Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis 2. Cushions and permits expansion and contraction of organs Locations: 1. Between vertebrae 2. Ligaments supporting penis, transitional epithelia 3. Blood vessel walls
53

Elastic Connective Tissue (Dense)

54

Blood: Hematopoietic Tissue

Functions:
1.Transportation 2.Immunology 3.Hemostasis

55

Bone: Osseous Tissue

Functions:
1.Lever for muscles 2.Mineral storage 3.protection

56

Hyaline Cartilage
Functions:
1.Stiff but flexible support 2.Reduces friction between bony surfaces

Locations:
1.Articular surfaces 2.Larynx 3.Trachea 4.Nasal septum
57

Elastic Cartilage
Functions:
1. Support, but flexible

Locations:
1. Ear 2. Epiglottis

58

Fibrocartilage
Functions:
1. Resists compression 2. Prevents bone-tobone contact

Locations:
1. Meniscus of knee 2. Pubic symphysis 3. Intervertebral discs

59

Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Multiple peripheral nuclei Striated

60

Skeletal Muscle: Peripheral Nuclei

61

Cardiac Muscle: Arrow: Intercalated Discs

One or two central nuclei Striated Involuntary Found only in the heart

62

Smooth Muscle
One central nuclei No striations Involuntary Found in hollow organs, blood vessels
63

Nervous Tissue

Functions: 1. Neurons: Electrical signaling 2. Glial cells: Support of neurons

64

Nervous Tissue

65

The End

66