Violet being the colour of the shortest wavelength of visible light.

Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation. UV light has a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than that of soft X-rays. 22 It is typically divided into near UV (200-380nm) and extreme or vacuum UV (10-200nm) The sun is the greatest source of UV light . The sun emits ultraviolet light in both near UV and vacuum UV wavelengths, but because of absorption in the atmosphere's ozone layer, 99% of the ultraviolet light that reaches the Earth's surface is 315-380nm (referred to as UV-A)

 Municipal Wastewater Municipal Drinking Water Private Potable Water Industrial Process Water Industrial Wastewater Consumer Drinking Water Groundwater Remediation

Dose= I x Rt
Where:
I is the Intensity (quantity of UV light per unit area falling on a surface) Rt is the Residence Time (contact time in the reaction chamber) UV Dose is expressed in:
Wsec/cm2 (Microwatt seconds/cm2) mWsec/cm2 (Milliwatt seconds/cm2) mJ/cm2 (Millijoules/cm2 )

UV DOSE INFLUENCING FACTORS Fast Flow = Low Dose Slow Flow = High Dose

UV Transmittance (UVT)

The ratio of light entering the water to that exiting the water usually reported for a path length of 1 cm. is often represented as a percentage and is related to the UV absorbance %UVT = 100 x 10-A DI/RO Water = 99% UVT Fresh Water (Post AGC) = 95% UVT Municipal Tap Water = 85-95% UVT The higher the % value the greater the UV dose will be. As the UV absorbance increases, the UV transmittance decreases.

 Performance is highly dependent on how

clear ( transmissive ) the water is to UV light UVT has a cumulative effect, reducing the UV intensity based on the thickness of the water layer that UV light must pass through Sizing and lamp spacing is very sensitive to UVT of the water Proper system design and sizing is dependent on accurate water sample analysis

Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity is a measurement of suspended matter in

water.

Turbidity is normally reported in Nephelometric

Turbidity Units (NTU) which represent the light scattering and absorbing properties of the suspended matter present in a given sample of water.

Turbidity is an important consideration because

suspended matter can shield pathogens from disinfection treatment

Turbidity (NTU)

Dose can be significantly influenced by turbidity Turbidity may harbour pathogens and impede the
effectiveness of disinfection in disinfection process sizing

Higher levels of turbidity means more uncertainty Turbidity can be influential on system design and

Sleeve Fouling
can affect UV transmittance (%UVT) and disinfection
performance. Many variables (water quality, lamp technology, flow, etc.) can contribute to sleeve fouling Iron content in source water is often a factor in sleeve fouling Sleeve cleaning systems offer a means to treat fouling but also have variability (system type, wiper design, wiper frequency, maintenance schedule, water quality, etc). An effective system with an appropriate cleaning schedule is critical

 Disinfection, in terms of microorganisms, is a reduction of at least

3 log (or 99.9%) .Disinfection is not sterilization .

Typical Disinfection Applications Point of entry Post activated carbon Pre-reverse osmosis (RO)
system

Post RO storage tank Post demineralization Prior to process and distribution loops Point of use Anywhere there is biofilm potential or a biocontamination problem Simple syrup up to 67 brix.

 UV light at the 254 nm wavelength penetrates the cell wall of

the microorganism is quite rapid

Above and below this wavelength, the drop-off in effectiveness

Intensity The amount of UV delivered to the organism Thymine dimerization The UV energy permanently alters the DNA structure of the
microorganism

The microorganism is inactivated and rendered unable to

reproduce or infect

 Disinfection UV Oxidation Destruction of bacteria, viruses and other

pathogens through DNA disruption by UV photons photolysis and UV light- induced activation of hydrogen peroxide

Destruction of chemical contaminants via UV

 The UV tube is basically the same as a commercial fluorescent bulb,

except that it lacks the phosphor coating and the glass exterior is replaced by fused quartz.

UV light is generally defined to be wavelength of electromagnetic

radiation shorter than 400 nm and is further divided into UV-A (315400nm), UV-B (280-315nm) and UV-C (200-280 nm).
Water enters at one end and flows through the outlet at the other end. While the water flows through the tube, the UV light emitted from the bulb inactivates the microorganism.

The bulbs are suspended inside a larger tube in a covered channel.

 Large quantities of disinfected water can be obtained quickly Minimum behaviour change required Can be constructed with locally available material Highly effective on broad range of pathogens, including E. Coli,
Guardia and Cryptosporidium

No risk for DBP formation (e.g. trihalomethanes) Inactivation independent of pH and temperature No unpleasant taste or odour (as it can appear for chemical
treatments)

No transportation, storage or handling of chemicals

 Higher cost of equipment when compared with chlorine solution Requires regular power source for operation Lamp tube needs replacement every 6-12 months Some investment for installation is required UV lamp needs to be cleaned regularly and handled with care
because of their mercury content

Only effective for microbial pollution No residual disinfection effect and risk of re-growth or
recontamination

Iodine