Global Water Supply

Water covers 70% of the Earths surface 96% of all water is in oceans 105 000 km3/year falls as precipitation
70% evaporates or is transpired by plants potential 12 000 L / person / day (LPD)

Use and Distribution of Water

12 000 LPD available
2 LPD required to sustain life average consumption: 250 LPD industrial consumption: 1500 LPD agricultural consumption: more than 3000 LPD in hot climates

Use and Distribution of Water

availability of water further complicated by
pollution with organic and inorganic chemicals contamination with disease-causing microorganisms uneven distribution

Canada: 22% of standing freshwater supply

only 0.05% of the population!

Global Hydrologic Cycle

most water is in circulation
evaporation/condensation/precipitation movement through earth and run-off stream, river, ocean transport

some water is locked away

ice deep groudwater reservoirs

UN World Day for Water, 1999

1.4 billion people lack safe freshwater
expected to rise to 2.3 billion by 2025 3.35 billion illnesses, 5.3 million deaths / year

20% of the population face water shortages

projected to 30% by 2025

could be rectified for $50 / person

Diarrhoeal diseases

1 billion

3.3 million

unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafe drinking water

unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene unsanitary excreta disposal, lack of nearby safe water sources unsafe drinking water poor hygiene (face washing), lack of nearby safe water sources poor water management and storage poor solid wastes management, water storage unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafe drinking water lack of nearby sources of safe water sources poor water management and storage poor water management in largescale projects

Intestinal helminths Schistosomiasis

1.5 billion1 200 million1

100 000 200 000

Dracunculiasis Trachoma

100 000 150 million2

0 0

Malaria Dengue fever

400 million 1.75 million

1.5 million 20 000

Poliomyelitis

114 000

Trypanosomiasis

275 000

130 000

Bancroftian filariasis Onchocerciasis

72.8 million1 17.7 million1, 3

0 40 0004

1 People currently infected. 2 Cases of active disease; approximately 5,900,000 cases of blindness or severe complications annually 3 Includes an estimated 270,000 blind 4 Mortality caused by blindness

Disease

Morbidity (cases/yr)

Mortality (deaths/yr)

Relationship to water supply

Global Water Crisis

Water-related disease kills 1 child every 8 s!
50% of people in developing countries suffer from one or more water-related diseases 50% of population lacks adequate sanitation contaminated water
causes 80% of developing world diseases has pushed 20% of freshwater fish species to the edge of extinction

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks By Year - USA

Freshwater in Canada
up to 20% of world freshwater resources only half of that is renewable
remainder is locked in ice, permafrost etc.

more than half of renewable water drains north to Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay
unavailable to 90% of population, which lives within 300 km of the southern border

remaining supply is abundant, but heavily used

Annual Renewable Water (km3/yr) - Africa

Ethiopia Algeria 14.3 Gabon Angola 84.0 Gambia Benin 25.8 Ghana Botswana 14.7 Guinea Burkina Faso 17.5 Guinea-Bissau Burundi 3.6 Kenya Cameroon 268.0 Lesotho Cape Verde 0.3 Liberia C. African Republic 141.0 Libya Chad 43.0 Comoros 1.0Madagascar Malawi Congo 832.0 Mali Congo 1,019.0 Mauritania Cote D'Ivoire 77.7 Mauritius Djibouti 0.3 Morocco Egypt 86.8 Mozambique Equatorial Guinea 30.0 Namibia Eritrea 8.8 110.0 164.0 8.0 53.0 226.0 27.0 30.2 5.2 232.0 0.6 337.0 18.7 67.0 11.4 Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 2.2 Canada USA China Israel 32.5 280.0 6.3 39.4 160.0 15.7 50.0 154.0 4.5 89.0 11.5 4.1 66.0 116.0 20.0 2901.0 2478.0 2800.0 2.2

30.0 216.0 45.5

Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, Africa 1994

Region
Africa L. America/ Caribbean Asia / Pacific Western Asia Total Population (millions) 707 473

Access (%)
46 80

Unserved (millions) 381 97

No access to sanitation (millions) 464 176

3 122 81 4 383

80 88 74

627 10 1 115

2 206 26 2 873

Country

% w/o water access

% w/o sanitation

Life expectancy at birth

Mortality under 5 (per 1000 live births)

Botswana

45

51.7

50

Cuba
Republic of Korea Panama Lebanon Saudi Arabia

7
7 7 6 5

34
0 17 37 14

75.7
71.7 73.4 69.3 70.7

10
7 20 40 30

United Arab Emirates

Costa Rica Dominica Maldives Bangladesh Libya Trinidad and Tobago Jordan Mauritives Tunisia S. Africa Barbados Fiji

5
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0

23
16 20 34 52 2 21 23 0 20 47 0 8

74.4
76.6 73 63.3 56.9 64.3 73.1 68.9 70.9 68.7 64.1 76 72.1

18
15 20 76 112 61 17 25 23 35 66 12 24

Country

% w/o water access

% w/o sanitation

Life expectancy at birth

Mortality under 5 1000 live births)

(per

Chad Ethiopia Zambia Papua New Guinea Angola Congo Madagascar Sierra Leone Cambodia Haiti Malawi Central African Republic Tanzania Congo Lao Guinea Uganda Gambia Niger

76 75 73 72 68 66 66 66 64 63 63 62 62 58 56 54 54 52 52

79 81 36 78 84 31 59 89 86 75 94 73 14 82 82 69 43 63 83

47.2 48.7 42.7 56.8 47.4 51.2 57.6 34.7 52.9 54.6 41 48.4 50.6 52.4 52.2 45.5 40.5 46 47.5

149 177 202 112 292 108 164 284 170 134 217 164 144 207 128 210 141 107 320

Waterloo Region
12%: surface water from Grand River 78%: from 126 groundwater wells
K-W, Elmira, St Jacobs residents receive blend Cambridge, Wellesely, Woolwich, Wilmot, North Dumfries get all water from wells

Reservoirs maintained for fire protection, high water demand, pressure control, disinfection Recent Cryptosporidium illness outbreak

Walkerton, 2000
E. coli O157:H7 contaminated wells with run-off from farms water was publicly declared safe 40% of towns 5000 people became sick symptoms included bloody diarrhea
7 people died directly, 14 elderly died from complications cost up to 155 million dollars

Aquatic Environments
Surface freshwater systems
rivers, lakes and wetlands

Surface saline water systems

oceans, marshes, estuaries

Groundwater systems
fresh and saline

Ice, glaciers, pressed snowpack Permafrost

Lake Morphology
Littoral Zone

Littoral zone around edge defined by light penetratio characterized by macroph growth

Lake Morphology

Light Compensation Point (about 1% of light intensity of sunlight)

LIMNETIC ZONE

PROFUNDAL ZONE

LCP: photosynthesis = respiration Profundal zone supports n or algae growth

Lake Morphology

Benthic zone = sediment

amount of sediment varie depth depth itself variable

Benthic Zone

Holomictic Lakes

EPILIMNION
Thermocline

HYPOLIMNION

Temperature below therm drops rapidly with depth Autumn cooling causes m layers

Meromictic Lakes

No seasonal mixing of la
MYXOLIMNION
Chemocline

Permanent chemocline r chemical differentiation

MONOLIMNION

Nutrient Status
Oligotrophic
low nutrient status, low primary productivity

Eutrophic
high nutrient status, high productivity

Nutrient status can vary within a lake

depth proximity to pollution point sources seasonal variations