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We need a way to convert a nominal interest rate to the true effective interest rate that will actually apply!
Mathematically, we can define the nominal interest rate r as:
Examples
1.5% per month effective interest rate:
Is the same as (1.5%) (12) = 18% nominal interest rate per year
Problem:
A bank claims to pay interest to its depositors at the rate of 6% per year compounded quarterly. What are the nominal and effective interest rates? Solution:
Here the annual rate of interest is known as the nominal rate, 12 % in this case. But the actual annual rate on the principle is not 12% but some thing greater, because compounding occur twice during the year. 6
Consequently, the frequency at which nominal interest rate is compounded each year can have a pronounced effect on the dollar amount of total interest earned. For instant, consider a principal amount of $1000 to be invested for three years at 12% compounded semiannually. The interest earned during the first six months would be $1000 * (0.12/2) = $60. Total principal and interest at the beginning of the second six-month period is P+Pi= $1000 + $60=$1060
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The interest earned during the second six months would be $1060*(0.12/2) = $63.60 The total interest earned during the year is $60.00 + 63.60 = $123.60 Finally, the effective annual interest rate for the entire year is ($123.60 / $1000) * 100 = 12.36%
If this process is repeated for years two and three, the accumulated amount of interest can be plotted as in fig.
Suppose that the same $1000 had been invested at 12% compounded monthly, which is 1% per month. The accumulated interest over three years that results from monthly compounding is shown in fig.
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i = (1 + r / m)m - 1
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Effective monthly rate: 0.09/12 = 0.0075 = 0.75%/month Effective annual rate: (1 + 0.0075)12 1 = 0.0938 = 9.38%/year
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Example (continued)
r = 9% is the nominal rate
Comparison
The effective annual interest rate is always greater than the nominal interest rate: You are earning (paying) interest on your interest The difference is greater with more frequent compounding: If compounded quarterly, we get 9.30%/year If compounded monthly, we get 9.38%/year If compounded weekly, we get 9.40%/year What if we compound infinitely often?
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i [1 r / CK ] 1
C
C = number of interest periods per payment period K = number of payment periods per year CK = total number of interest periods per year, or M r/K = nominal interest rate per payment period
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2nd Q
1 interest period
3rd Q
4th Q
Given r = 8%, K = 4 payments per year C = 1 interest period per quarter M = 4 interest periods per year
2nd Q
3 interest periods Given r = 8%,
3rd Q
4th Q
K = 4 payments per year C = 3 interest periods per quarter M = 12 interest periods per year
2nd Q
13 interest periods Given r = 8%,
3rd Q
4th Q
K = 4 payments per year C = 13 interest periods per quarter M = 52 interest periods per year
i [1 r / CK ] 1
C
i lim[(1 r / CK ) 1]
C
(e )
r 1/ K
1
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2nd Q
interest periods Given r = 8%,
3rd Q
4th Q
Case 1
8% compounded monthly Payments occur quarterly
Case 2
8% compounded weekly Payments occur quarterly
Case 3
8% compounded continuously Payments occur quarterly
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