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Computers & Networks Revision

Format of Test Topics to Revise

Test Format
On line Test using MyBU In your normal lab session P227 Multiple Choice Format 30 questions (10 marks each) in 40 mins For each question there are 5 possible answers. Only one answer is right Can scroll back and change answers as many times as you like

MPQ Test
There is no need to save your answers
MyBU records your answers when you click submit at the bottom of the test page

Can only click the submit button ONCE When you do click it :
MyBU will score your answers Your score will appear in MyGrades (out of 300 : 40% of 300 is 120 needed to pass) You can read your feedback next Term

Answering Questions
Read questions VERY CAREFULLY ALWAYS answer ALL questions Easy ones first most of the marks are for fairly straightforward answers IF you cant answer a question put your best answer and COME BACK to it after You have time to CHECK all answers and fill in any blank ones

MPQ Exams
If you think cant answer anything, DONT PANIC
Re-read the questions and answer what you can (the EASY ones first) Dont rush through just to get them out of the way quick so as to get out the exam room! CHECK, before the end time, CHECK again And one last CHECK before you finish! Then remember to go back and CHECK!!

Example Revision Topic


A few questions on binary conversions
The same as we did in the lab examples Look again at lab sheets : Know the HEX numbers 0-F Know their decimal and binary equivalents How to convert between one format and others Nothing on 2s compliment or multiplication/division/negative numbers

Computers Topics
Computers
Decimal, Binary, Hex, ASCII codes Simple Binary Conversions (see labs) CPUs, bus structure and peripherals RAM, ROM, Flash Memory, NVRAM Relative speeds of RAM compared to disks Disk Drives components of (platter, spindle, blocks, sectors, tracks) Latency (seek time) of disk drives
Three components of latency

Network Topics
What is a converged network? Network Architecture Requirements:
Scalable, secure, fault tolerant Connection oriented, connectionless Packet switching Quality of Service Multiplexing Segmentation

Know these terms, be able to describe

Network Topics
Networks
Hardware and software components of a network know them:
End devices (PC, IP Phone, Printer, Server) Intermediary devices (hubs, switches, routers) Hub layer 2 (data-link layer - FRAMES) Switch layer 2 (switches FRAMES) Router layer 3 (routes PACKETS) FRAMES Ethernet addresses (48 bits) PACKETS IP addresses (32 bits)

Layers of Network Models


Name the layers of the ISO-OSI model
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical
Aka (All People Seem To Need Data Processing)

Name the layers of the TCP/IP Model How the ISO model and TCP Model compare
(there are lecture notes on this) How each layer relates in the two models

Other Topics
LAN, WAN, MAN know the definitions
Local Area Network Wide Area Network Metropolitan Area Network

Devices and Media


Cables, Fibre, Wireless Channels and property of messages

Internet a global (inter)network of computers connected by ISPs Encapsulation and De-capsulation

Topics have an idea of what each layer does


Application Layer Programs and Services
Some examples e.g Web Server

Transport TCP/IP and UDP Protocols Port numbers (well known ports) Network Layer IP addresses, packets Data Link Layer MAC addresses, frames Physical media properties & binary

Summary
Revision
Use your lab session time for revision Do NOT leave it to the last night Read through ALL lecture notes and lab notes Those who have kept lab books will have an advantage now! Some things you have to just learn Book list
On MyBU In the teaching scheme (on Mybu)

Data Networking Role, Components and Challenges


Characteristics of communication
Rules, or protocols, are established Important information may need to be repeated to ensure reliable delivery Modes and methods of communication impact the effectiveness of getting the Mmm message across
How do I know if he was listening to a word I said??

Data Networking Role, Components, and Challenges


Reliable communications depend on COMPUTERS and data NETWORK protocols

Internet Protocol (IP) End-devices: Users application appliances e.g. PC, IP Phones, Netbook, IP enabled TV/set top box, Wireless Blu-Ray, etc

Data Networking Role, Components and Challenges


FOUR elements of a computer network:
Devices
These are used to communicate with one another DEVICE->MEDIA->MESSAGE->RULES

Media
This is how the devices are connected together

Messages
Information that travels over the medium

Rules (protocols)
Governs how messages flow across network

Network Architecture Requirements


FOUR requirements of computer & network architectures
Fault Tolerance Scalability Quality of Service Security
All FOUR of these are in modern Computers and Networks provide a CONVERGED NETWORK

Network Architecture Internet Characteristics

Modern Converged Networks provides QoS

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Table

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4
6

Complete in the lab, etc

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4
C D E F

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100


1100 1101 1110 1111

12 13 14 15
6

How Binary Works - Example


What does the number (1010)2 binary mean? Eights Fours Twos Units

2 2*2*2=8 1 1*8

2 2*2=4 0 0*4

2 2=2 1 1*2

2 1 0 0*1

101012 =(810) + (010) + (210) +(010) = 1010 = A16

Types of File
File (dot) extensions can tell Operating Systems such as Windows which application program to use to interpret the file content:
.exe (send to the CPU) .txt (open in text editor) .htm (open in a Web Browser such as Safari or Firefox) .jar/.class (source code for the java development IDE application)

Application checks the validity of the file by reading the file header called an association
Anything other than a pure text file of ASCII characters should have a file header. Header file contains:
Indicator of file type stored as a code Other data used by the application to interpret the file

E.g. GIF file viewed in Notepad

GIF file- header

Disk Drive Structure


Head on moving arm

Platter

Drive Motor

Head Motors

Disk Data Format


Files are stored usually in fixed block sizes called pages If only a small part of the page is used, it cannot be used for another file, leading to INTERNAL fragmentation Each file takes up at least one block, or page Small blocks = more time locating all blocks for a file BUT less internal fragmentation so wastes less empty disk space

myFile

Assignment1.txt
Page or block

Letter.txt

NB. Gap at the end of pages are called INTERNAL FRAGMENTS

USB Flash RAM/Drive


Semiconductor solid-state FLASH Memory chip

USB controller chip Formats the data into the FAT format data reads and writes like a floppy disk!

IBM 360 Mainframe - 1964

Microprogamming allowed emulation of other machines Ran the economy 1960 - 1985: mainframes are still in use today

Modern Architecture - Client and Server


PCs are Clients and Servers Client PCs execute Applications Servers hold DATA Data can be shared between clients The Network is the Computer says Sun Microsystems Tom

NLX Motherboard Design


Huge Heat sink needed

The more powerful the CPU with more cores (Dual/Quad), the more HEAT is generated. Heat limits the power of the PC

Modern Intel Quad Core CPU

Example -Connecting Peripherals - USB Cables Universal Serial Bus

USB Connectors A and B USB 2 normally limited to less than 200Mbits/sec in practice USB 3 about 300Mbits/sec

CPU: Motorola Chip Family


68000/68010/68020/68030/68040 Power PC G3, G4, G5 (Apple but has now gone to Intel) Cut down versions of these are in Ciscos Routers E.g Motorola 860 RISC CPU Example of Reduced Instruction Set Computer CPU (RISC) Computers Contrast with (Intel) Complex Instruction Set (CISC) Computers RISC has fewer instructions but runs them faster CISC does more with each instruction but runs slower

RAM Memory Modules Random Access Memory

DIMM

Formatting a Hard Drive


Low-Level Formatting zeroing Partitioning High-Level Formatting file format e.g. FAT, NTFS, etc

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Straight-through

Cross-over

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire medium used in a variety of networks. RJ-45 connector When communication occurs, the signal that is transmitted by the source needs to be understood by the destination. The transmitted signal needs to be properly received by the circuit connection designed to receive signals. The transmit pin of the source needs to ultimately connect to the receiving pin of the destination (hence they need to CROSS OVER).
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Network Structure
How messages are communicated
Message segmented into chunks called segments Segments:

Role of Intermediary Devices


Hubs, Switches and Routers
Determine pathways for data Provides end to end connectivity Ensures data flows across network
Internetwork connected with routers

Routers connect networks

Network Types
Local Area Network (LAN)
A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network, usually ONE administration domain
E.G. The University is a LAN one Admin team

TALBOT CAMPUS

LANDSDOWNE CAMPUS HOME DATA CENTRE

A LAN consists of computers, network interface cards, peripheral devices, networking media and network devices.

Network Types - WAN


E.g. Joint Academic Network (WAN)
LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN) JANET The Bournemouth University Portsmouth University
JOINT ACADEMIC NETWORK (WAN) is administered from Milton Keynes 40 Gbps
HOME MAIN CAMPUS

TALBOT CAMPUS

LANDS DOWNE

MEDICAL SCHOOL

All South England Unis Point of Presence to JANET is at Portsmouth University

Network Types Internet (WAN)


The Internet is defined as a
Global mesh of interconnected Europe/Africa networks
Middle East / Russia Canada USA Asia-Pacific Latin America Australia & Oceania

Connected (inter)networks are all (sub)networks of the Internet

Layered Network Model


Benefits of Layered Model include
assists in protocol design and provides a common language fosters competition - non proprietary changes in one layer do not affect other layers makes network communication easier to understand

TCP/IP Model - Encapsulation


Protocol Data Unit (PDU) & Encapsulation

OSI Layered Model


ISO Open System Interconnection (ISO OSI)
ALL PEOPLE SEEM TO NEED DATA PROCESSING !

Comparing OSI and TCP/IP

OSI is essentially theoretical : TCP/IP used in practice

MAC, IP and PORT Address


Data Link Layer: MAC address is a 48-bit PHYSICAL address that is unique and hard wired for every physical device that connects to a LAN through a NETWORK INTERFACE CARD e.g 00-01-02-F2-C0-EE (in HEX format) IPv4 Network Layer address is a 32-bit LOGICAL address assigned to hosts using TCP/IP ipconfig e.g. 192.168.10.1 (in Dotted Decimal format) TCP/UDP transport layer port numbers are 16-bit (binary format) service numbers that connect together PROGRAMS and SERVICES e.g FTP port 20/1, Telnet port 23, SMTP (email) port 25, DNS port 53, TFTP port 69, HTTP port 80, SNMP port 161 (these ports are worth looking up and knowing)

Application Layer Services


Client-server model with multiple client applications: Telnet daemon Listens for requests From clients

Application layer at Clients connects to Application layer at Server

TCP/IP Services - DNS


Domain Name Service (DNS) protocol
Type www.cisco.com -> 198.133.219.25 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

TCP/IP Service - Telnet


Console connection to a remote host

P2P vs Client-Server
In Client-Server
Files stored on a centralised database with admin controlling access Clients request files from the server Administration is easier/cheaper Security is higher

In P2P e.g Torrent


Files are split up and seeded on multiple peers can be anywhere No centralised store of files or list of clients (maybe) Administration is complex Security is much lower where is the file? Who uploaded it?? DOWNLOADING of Copyright content is ILLEGAL (so beware)

Reliable delivery has to be provided for explicitly

If segments are sent too fast, the Transport Layer (TCP) slows the connection This is to make sure that the Recipient is not overwhelmed with data

More than one application program uses network at the same time Transport Layer Port Numbers are used to keep them separate and allow multiplexing Ensures segments get to the correct application program

DNS 53 TELNET 23 SMTP 25 HTTP 80

DNS 53 TELNET 23 SMTP 25 HTTP 80

TCP provides a reliable connection from an unreliable Network Layer

TCP and UDP port numbers

11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

Numbers below 1024 are called well-known ports Numbers above 1024 are dynamically assigned ports

Registered ports are those registered for vendor-specific applications e.g. MS. Instant Messenger, Peer-to-Peer applications, etc
Most of these are above 1024
1024 is 10 bits. There are 16 bits (65,536) available for port numbers. 00000011 11111111

All zeros in the first six positions means it is a well-known port number.

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