Routing Principles and Router basics

CH SRINIVASA RAO SDE (BB&NW) raochs@bsnl.co.in 9440911911

Router fundaments
The router is a device that connects two networks IT comes from the word ROUTE A router accepts packets on at least two network interfaces and forwards packets from one interface to another. A router works at network layer. Each router maintains a database called routing table of the router This routing table contains network addresses. Routers do not talk to remote computers
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Functions of routers Inter network communications Best path selection Packet switching Packet forwarding

Router fundamentals
Router is like a PC and has
Mother board CPU Memory Ports & interfaces to hook peripherals May have a monitor to serve as a console

Types of routers Hardware routers

Cisco, juniper, nortel , dlink, DAX

Software routers
Microsoft server , LINUX server
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CISCOs HIERARCHICAL DESIGN MODEL

Access Layer : Small organization Ex:1600,1700,1800,2500 series Distribution Layer: Medium size organization ex: 2600,2800,3600,3700,3800 Core layer : Very large organizations and ISPs. ex:7200,7600,10000,12000

Cisco Router Memories

Memory Type
RAM

Contents
1. Active program & operating system

NVRAM

instructions 2. Running configuration files 3. Routing tables 1. Startup configuration files

2. Startup/Power-up utilities 3. Limited version of IOS

ROM

1. POST (Power-On-Self-Test)

Flash

1. IOS
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Interfaces of routers
LAN Interface to connect to the switch WAN Interface to connect to the next router (serial port) Administrative port (console port) Auxiliary port

Accessing the Router CLI

Console User Mode Aux Interfaces

Modem

Telnet
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Console connectivity
Connect a rollover cable to the console port of the router(RJ-45 connector) Attach the DB9 to the COM port of the computer Open the emulation software For windows: start Programs Accessories communicationsHyperterminal Give the name In port settingsclick on restore defaults LINUX: #minicom -s
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Conditions for routing

1.The IP address of LAN interface of router should belong to the same network of LAN. 2. The serial IPs of directly connected routers must belong to the same network. 3. The IP address in the LAN of every branch must belong to different networks. 4. ALL interfaces of routers should be in different networks.

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Route Table Updation

Route table acquires information in two ways:
Manually
Static route entries

Automatically
Dynamic routing protocols

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Static Routing
Routes for each destination network has to be manually configured by the administrator. Used in small networks. Route may be up or down but static routes will remain in the routing tables and traffic would still be sent towards the route Not suitable for large networks Administrative distance for static route is 1
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Dynamic Routing
Changes in the network topology are updated dynamically. Only the directly connected networks information is required for configuration. Administrative work is reduced. It is used in medium and large networks. RIP & OSPF are routing protocols

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Hop Count
A hop count metric simply count router hops. From router-A it is 1 hop to network 192.168.5.0 if packets are sent out interface 192.168.3.0 and 2 hops if sent out 192.168.1.0
192.168.2.0

192.168.1.0 B

192.168.7.0

192.168.3.0 192.168.4.0

192.168.6.0 192.168.5.0

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Bandwidth
A bandwidth metric would choose a higher bandwidth over a lower bandwidth. A packet from router A to C will follow path A-B-C.
192.168.2.0 A B 192.168.1.0 192.168.7.0 A-C: 64kbps A-B: 2mbps B-C: 2mbps

192.168.3.0 192.168.4.0

192.168.6.0 192.168.5.0

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Administrative Distances
Diversity of metrics poses problems in routers running more than one routing protocol. Router may learn a route to the same destination from each of the protocols Administrative distances are the route sources to determine most preferred source

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Administrative Distances
The administrative distance protocols is as below:
Connected Interface Static Route EIGRP OSPF RIP External EIGRP Unknown -0 -1 - 90 - 110 - 120 - 170 - 255

of

various

The lower the administrative distance, the more believable the protocol.
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IOS MODES
1. User Mode: Router> Router is the default host name and can be changed, '>' symbol implies "user mode". This is the first mode user interacts with the IOS. It is a restricted mode and support only a very few basic commands. 2. Privilege Mode: Router# '#' symbol implies "Privilage Mode". This mode has full administrative rights.this mode is generally used for advanced troubleshooting using 'show' and 'debug' command. This is also called the EXEC mode. 3. Global Configuration mode: Router (config)# '(config)# ' symbol implies "global configuration mode". Configuration of the router starts from this mode configurations that affect the complete router are given. Example, host name of the router.

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IOS MODES
4. interface configuration mode: Router(config-if)# '(config-if)# symbol implies "interface configuration mode". This mode is used to configure a specific interface. 5. Line configuration mode: Router(config-line)# '(config-line)# symbol implies "Line configuration mode". This mode is used to configure telnet, console and auxiliary mode. 6. Router Mode: Router(config-router)# '(config-router)#'symbol implies "Router mode". This mode is used to configure different dynamic routing protocol.
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INITIAL CONFIGURATION

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INITIAL CONFIGURATION
DELHI Router> (User Mode) Router>enable Router# (Privilege Mode) Router# configure terminal Router(config)# (Global Configuration Mode) Router(config)# hostname DELHI DELHI(config)# interface ethernet 0/0 DELHI(config-if)# (Interface Configuration Mode) DELHI(config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.17 255.255.255.240 DELHI(config-if)# no shutdown DELHI(config-if)# exit DELHI(config)# line vty 0 4 DELHI(config-line)# (Line Configuration Mode) DELHI(config-line)# password cisco DELHI(config-line)# login DELHI(config-line)# exit DELHI(config)# line con 0 DELHI(config-line)# password cisco DELHI(config-line)# login DELHI(config-line)# exit DELHI(config)# enable password cisco DELHI(config)# exit

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INITIAL CONFIGURATION
DELHI#configure terminal DELHI(config)#interface serial 0/0 DELHI(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.81 255.255.255.252 DELHI(config-if)# no shutdown DELHI(config-if)# exit DELHI(config)# interface serial 0/1 DELHI(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.93 255.255.255.252 DELHI(config-if)# no shutdown DELHI(config-if)# exit

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