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TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
2
Overview
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
Stationary, inviscid, incompressible flow in the 3
direction of a streamline
The x-component of the momentum equation for a stationary, invisvid, incompressible
flow reads
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
u +v +w =−
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x
Multiplying this equation by dx gives
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
u dx + v dx + w dx = − dx
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x
Now bear in mind that along a streamline we have
u dz − w dx = 0
v dx − u dy = 0
Using this in the momentum equation gives
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
u dx + dy + dz = u du = − dx
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
Stationary, inviscid, incompressible flow in the 4
direction of a streamline
1 2 1 ∂p
u du = du = − dx
2 ρ ∂x
Similar manipulations can also be performed in the y- and z-component of the
momentum equation:
1 2 1 ∂p
dv = − dy
2 ρ ∂y
1 2 1 ∂p
dw = − dz
2 ρ ∂z
Adding these three relations together gives
1 1 1 ∂p ∂p ∂p 1
dV = d ( u + v + w ) = − dx + dy + dz = − dp
2 2 2 2
2 2 ρ ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ
1 1
dV 2 = − dp
2 ρ
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
Stationary, inviscid, incompressible flow in the 5
direction of a streamline
For an incompressible flow the density is constant so if we integrate these infinitisimal
change between two points on the same streamline we get
p2 V2
∫ dp = − ρ ∫ V dV
p1 V1
⇔
V22 V12
p2 − p1 = − ρ −
2 2
⇔
1 1
p1 + ρV1 = p2 + ρV22
2
2 2
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
6
Bernouilli’s Equation
1
p+ ρV 2 = const.
2
So, although the momentum equation consists of 3 partial differential equations, the
equation along a streamline reduces to a single algebraic relation.
‘Bernoulli’ is valid for rotational flows also. However, when the flow is irrotational
‘Bernoulli’ is valid everywhere in the flow field and there is no restriction that it is
only satisfied along streamlines
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
7
Proof Bernoulli for irrotational flows
Home work:
Show that Bernoulli holds everywhere in the flow field (I.e. the
constant is the same everywhere) if the flow is irrotational.
In order to prove this either use
• The definition of a irrotational flow
• The following vector identity
( ) ( ) ( )
∇ a ⋅ b = a ⋅∇ b + b ⋅∇ a + b × ∇ × a + a × ∇ × b( ) ( )
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
8
Application of Bernoulli
1. Airfoil at se level conditions: Consider an airfoil in a flow at sea level conditions
with a freestream velocity of 50 m/s. At a given point on the airfoil, the pressure is
equal to 0.9 ×10 N/m . Calculate the velocity at this point.
5 2
Solution:
At Standard see level conditions ρ∞ = 1.23 kg/m3 and p∞ = 1.01×10 5 N/m 2 . Hence
1 1
p∞ + ρV∞2 = p + ρV 2
2 2
2 ( p∞ − p ) 2 ( 1.01 − 0.9 ) × 10 5
+ ( 50 )
2
V= + V∞2 =
ρ 1.23
⇒
V = 142.8 m/s
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
9
Flow through a converging-diverging nozzle
A1 , p1 , V1 A2 , p2 , V2
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
10
The pressure coefficient for incompressible flow
p − p∞ p − p∞
C p := =
q∞ 1
ρ ∞V∞2
2
2
1 1 p − p∞ V
Bernoulli: p+ ρV 2 = p∞ + ρ ∞V∞2 ⇒ Cp = = 1−
2 2 1 V∞
ρ ∞V∞2
2
2
V
Cp = 1−
V∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
11
Inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flows
∂u ∂v ∂w
• Continuity ∇ ⋅V = 0 ⇔ + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂v
∂y − ∂z
∂u ∂w
• Irrotational ∇ ×V = 0 ⇔ ξ = −
∂z ∂x
∂
−v ∂ u
∂x ∂y
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
V = ∇φ ⇔ u= ,v= ,w= .
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
+ 2 + 2 = 0 ⇔ ∆φ = ∇ ⋅∇φ = 0
∂x 2
∂y ∂z
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
12
Potential Equation
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
+ 2 + 2 =0
∂x 2
∂y ∂z
• This equation is also applicable to unsteady flows in whichφ = φ ( x, y, z , t )
• By introducing the potential, the irrotationality requirement is identically satisfied
• Every inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flow is described by a potential which
satisfies the above potential equation.
• Conversely, every solution of the Laplace equation generates a valid inviscid,
incompressible, irrotational flow.
• The Laplace equation is linear, therefore we can use the principle of superposition. So
if φ1 and φ2 are solutions of the Laplace equation, so is φ = α1φ1 + α 2φ2 . So
complicated flow paterns can be obtained by a suitable combination of elementary
flows. (Although it is not known in advance how and which elementary flow patterns
to combine)
• Once the equation for φ has been solved the velocity components are obtained from
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
u= , v= , w= .
∂x ∂y ∂z
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
13
Potential Equation
• If the potential flow is stationary (why?) the pressure coefficient is given by
2 2 2
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
+ +
V 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
Cp = 1− 2 = 1−
V∞ V∞2
1 ∂ ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
∆φ = r + 2 + 2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ 2
∂z
1 ∂ 2 ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ 1 ∂φ
∆φ = r sin θ + sin θ +
r 2 sin θ ∂
r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂ϕ sin θ ∂ϕ
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
14
Stream function for incompressible flow, 2D
∂ψ ∂ψ
• Stream function ψ ( x, y , t ) ⇒ u= , v=−
∂y ∂x
• The velocity components obtained from a stream function automatically satisfy the
incompressibility constraint:
∂ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ
+ − =0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
•For 2D irrotational flow we have
∂v ∂u
− =0
∂x ∂y
• Inserting the velocity components obtained from the stream function gives the 2D
Laplace equation
∂ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ
− − = −∆ψ = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
15
Boundary conditions
• Note: flows in all kinds of different geometries (a sphere, airfoil, cone) are governed
by the same equation ∆φ = 0
• Question: How can one equation generate solutions for so many different flow
problems?
• Answer: The difference between the various geometries and flows is the domain in
which the Laplace equation has to be solved and the the boundary conditions that are
imposed at the boundary of the domain.
x = ±∞ u = V∞ , v = 0,
y = ±∞ u = V∞ , v = 0.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
16
Boundary conditions at a solid wall
• At a solid wall we assume that the flow cannot enter the object, nor will fluid emerge
from the object. Since we assume that the flow is inviscid, the fluid is allowed to slide
along the solid. If viscous effects are taken into account the friction will prevent the
fluid from sliding along the surface of the object (the so-called no-slip condition). In
the latter case a so-called boundary layer will develop. However, these viscous
phenomena cannot be described by potential equations (why?).
•In terms of the stream function this can be written as (the wall is a streamline!)
∂ψ
= 0 ⇔ ψ = const. along streamline
∂s
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
17
Inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flow
F visc = 0, ρ = const., ∇ × V = 0,
⇒
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
+ 2 + 2 =0
∂x 2
∂y ∂z
Solution Strategy:
• Solve the Laplace equation for φ or ψ which satisfy the appropriate boundary
conditions.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
18
Uniform parallel flow
φ = const.
y V∞ Consider a uniform parallel flow given by
u = V∞ , v = 0
V∞ = const.
x ψ = const.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
19
a
Uniform parallel flow
D C
Circulation:
∫ V ⋅ds
Γ=Ñ
V∞ B C D A
Γ=∫ +∫ +∫ +∫ =
A B C D
A B V∞ a + 0 − V∞ a + 0 = 0
⇒ Γ=0
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
20
uθ
ur Source flow
φ = const. r I am looking for a potential flow solution which
y only depends on r (in polar coordinates), so
θ
φ = φ ( r)
x ψ = const.
inserting this in the two dimensional Laplace
equation gives
1 ∂ ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ
∆φ = r + 2 =0 ⇒ φ ( r ) = c1 ln r + c2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ 2
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
21
Source flow (cont.)
Q Q
c= ⇒ φ ( r) = ln r If Q>0 the flow is called a source flow (fluid is
2π 2π emanating from the origin) and when Q<0 the flow
Q is called a sink flow (fluid disappears at the origin)
ur = , uθ = 0
2π r
uθ
ur
The stream function belonging to this φ = const. r
flow can be found by solving y θ
1 ∂ψ Q Q
ur = = ⇒ ψ ( r ,θ ) = θ + f ( r)
r ∂θ 2π r 2π x ψ = const.
∂ψ Q
uθ = − = 0 ⇒ ψ ( r ,θ ) = ψ ( θ ) = θ
∂r 2π
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
22
Uniform flow + source flow
Since the Laplace equation is linear, we are able to add elemenatary flows together. So
one may ask what the resulting flow would be if we define a source at the origin in a
uniform parallel flow along the x-axis.
Q
⇒ ψ ( r ,θ ) = θ + V∞ y
2π
Converting y to polar coordinates gives
Q
⇒ ψ ( r ,θ ) = θ + V∞ r sin θ
2π
Source Uniform
flow
What does this flow look like??
– Calculate the flow field 1 ∂ψ Q
ur = = + V∞ cosθ
– Determine stagnation points r ∂θ 2π r
– Special streamlines ∂ψ
uθ = − = −V∞ sin θ
∂r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
23
Uniform flow + source flow
* Stagnation points: ur = uθ = 0
Q θ = 0, r = −Q ( Q > 0 )
ur = + V∞ cos θ = 0
2π r 2π V∞
⇒
uθ = −V∞ sin θ = 0 Q
θ =π , r =
2π V∞
* Streamlines A
Q
2V∞
θ =π B θ =0
Q C
ψ=
2
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
24
Uniform flow + source flow
The streamline ABC gives the contour of a semi-infinite body. The streamline passes
through the stagnation point B, so
Q Q
B :θ = π , r = ⇒ ψ=
2π V∞ 2
So the streamline passing through ABC is given by
θ
1−
Q Q Q π
θ + V∞ r sin θ = ⇒ r= .
2π 2 2V∞ sin θ
Q
The half-width of the semi-infinite body tends to (prove this).
for x → ∞ 2V∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
25
Uniform parallel flow + source (+Q) + sink (-Q)
• Consider a uniform parallel flow in the x-direction
• and a source and a sink placed at a distance 2b from eachother in the x-direction.
Q Q
ψ = V∞r sin θ + θ1 − θ2
2π 2π P ( r ,θ )
Rankine oval
θ1 θ θ2
b b
r sin θ r sin θ
tan θ1 = tan θ 2 =
b + r cos θ r cos θ − b
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
26
1 ∂ψ Q ∂θ1 ∂θ 2
* Velocity components: ur = = V∞ cos θ + −
r ∂θ 2π ∂θ ∂θ
∂ψ Q ∂θ1 ∂θ 2
uθ = − = −V∞ sin θ − −
∂r 2π ∂r ∂r
Qb
* Stagnation points: A: θ =π , r = b + 2
π V∞
Qb
B : θ = 0, r = b + 2
π V∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
27
Since the flow is assumed to be inviscid, the closed streamline can be cosidered as the
shape of the Rankine oval placed in a uniform flow. Materializing the inner domain
does not effect the outer flow.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
28
Doublet flow
Consider the flow of a source and a sink placed at a distance l at either side of the
origin.
P
Q Q
ψ ( r ,θ ) = ( θ1 − θ 2 ) = − ∆θ
r ∆θ 2π 2π
θ1 θ2
Q 1 44 2 4 43 −Q
Now let the distance l shrink to zero and
l let the source strength Q grow to infinity,
such that the productQl = κ = const. This
will result in a doublet.
∆θ sin θ
Since lim = it follows that
l →0 l r
−Q −κ ∆θ
ψ doublet = lim
l → 0 2π
∆θ = lim
l →0
2π l
Λ fixed Λ fixed κ sin θ
ψ doublet = −
2π r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
29
Doublet flow
∂φ 1 ∂ψ κ cos θ
Using: ur = = we find that φdoublet =
∂r r ∂θ 2π r
1 ∂φ ∂ψ
uθ = =−
r ∂θ ∂r
sin θ
• Streamlines: ψ = const ⇒ =c ⇒ y = c ( x2 + y 2 )
r
2 2
1 1
⇒ x + y − =
2
2c 2c
κ sin ( θ − α ) κ cos ( θ − α )
ψ doublet =− φdoublet =
2π r 2π r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
30
Uniform flow over a circular cylinder
Now we add together a uniform parallel flow in the x-direction and a doublet at the
origin oriented in the x-direction.
κ cos θ κ
φ = V∞ r cos θ + = V∞ r cos θ 1 + 2
2π r 2π V∞ r
κ sin θ κ
ψ = V∞ r sin θ − = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2
2π r 2π V∞ r
κ
Set R =
2
gives
2π V∞
R2
φ = V∞ r cos θ 1 + 2
r
R2
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2
r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
31
Uniform flow over a circular cylinder
R2
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2
r
Note that for r=R the stream function vanishes identically, therefore the circle with
radius R is a streamline. If we ‘materialize’ the region inside the cylinder, we obtain
the potential flow solution over a circular cylinder.
1 ∂ψ R2
• The velocity field ur = = V∞ cos θ 1 − 2
r ∂θ r
∂ψ R2
uθ = − = −V∞ sin θ 1 + 2
∂r r
• Stagnation points ur = uθ = 0 ⇒
A : θ = 0, r = R
B: θ =π , r = R
ψ A =ψ B = 0
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
32
Flow over a circular cylinder
Streamline ψ = 0 , then either θ =0 : the positive x-axis
r=R : the circular cylinder
θ =π : the negative x-axis
The pressure coefficient now provides the pressure over the cylinder
2
V
C p = 1 − = 1 − 4sin 2 θ
V∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
33
Source in 3D
In order to find the source in 3D we insert a potential function, which only depends on
the radius into the Laplace equation in sperical coordinates
1 ∂ 2 ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ 1 ∂φ
∆φ = r sin θ + sin θ + = 0
r 2 sin θ ∂r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂ϕ sin θ ∂ϕ
∂φ ∂φ c1 ( θ )
⇒ r sin θ
2
= c1 ( θ ) ⇒ = 2
∂r ∂r r sin θ
c1 ( θ )
⇒ φ ( r ,θ ) = − + c2 ( θ )
r sin θ
∂φ c
= 0 ⇒ φ ( r) = − Compare in 2D: φ ( r ) = c ln r
∂θ r
∂φ c 1 ∂φ 1 ∂φ
Velocity components: ur = = , uθ = = 0 , uϕ = = 0.
∂r r 2 r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
34
Source in 3D
λ
The volume flow: λ = 4π R 2 ⋅ ur ( R ) = 4π c ⇒ c =
4π
⇒
λ λ
ur = and φ = −
4π r 2 4π r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
35
Doublet (dipole) in 3D
z z
P
r1
r
λ
r θ y
l θ x ϕ
x
−λ
λ λ 1 1 λ r − r1
3D-source: φ = − ⇒ φ =− − =−
4π r 4π r1 r 4π rr1
∂φ µ cos θ
Now let l → 0 with λl = µ = const. u = =
r ∂r 2π r 3
1 ∂φ µ sin θ
r − r1 ≈ l cos θ µ cos θ u
θ = =
⇒φ = − ∂θ π 3
r 4 r
r ≈ r1 4π r 2
1 ∂φ
ϕ r sin θ ∂ϕ = 0
u =
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
36
Flow over a Sphere
Uniform parallel flow V = −V∞ e z ⇒ ur = −V∞ cos θ
uθ = V∞ sin θ
uϕ = 0
Addition of the doublet
µ cos θ µ
ur = −V∞ cos θ + = − V
∞ − 3
cos θ Stagnation points:
2π r 3
2π r
µ sin θ µ uθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0, θ = π
uθ = V∞ sin θ + = V +
∞ 4π r 3 sin θ
4π r 3 14 2 43 µ
> u r = 0 ⇒ r 3
= = R 3
2π V∞
0
uϕ = 0
µ
R=3
2π V∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
37
Flow over a Sphere
Stagnation points: (R,0) and (R,π)
µ 3
For r=R : uθ = V∞ + 3
sin θ = V∞ sin θ
4π R ↑ 2
1 2π V∞
=
R 3 µ
2 2
V 3
⇒ C p = 1 − = 1 − sin θ
V∞ 2
9
C p = 1 − sin 2 θ
4
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
Comparison between the flow over a cylinder and a 38
sphere
Cylinder Sphere
κ µ
R= R= 3
2π V∞ 2π V∞
R 2 R3
ur = V∞ 1 − 2 cos θ ur = −V∞ 1 − 3 cos θ
r r
R2 R3
uθ = −V∞ 1 + 2 sin θ uθ = V∞ 1 + 3 sin θ
r r
9
C p = 1 − 4sin 2 θ C p = 1 − sin 2 θ
4
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
39
Vortex flow
Consider a 2 dimensional potential function φ = φ (θ )
in order to satisfy the Laplace equation
1 ∂ ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ
∆φ = r + 2 =0 ⇒ φ = c1θ + c2 = cθ
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ 2
Velocity components:
uθ
ur
∂φ Circulation
ur = =0
∂r
1 ∂φ c ∫ V ⋅ds =
Γ = −Ñ
uθ = = 2π
r ∂θ r c
− ∫ ⋅ rdθ = −2π c
0
r
Note this flow irrotational! (Why?) ??????
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
40
Vortex flow
Γ = −2π c
Note that unless c=0 the circulation will be non-zero, that means
the flow field cannot be irrotational according to Stokes.
However, if c=0 then there will be no flow at all!
How do we resolve this problem??
So all contours which enclose will the origin will have a non-zero
circulation. In complex function theory where similar phenomena
occur the plane is usually cut to prevent contours around the origin.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
41
Vortex flow
Γ = −2π c
φ = cθ
Γ
φ =− θ
2π
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
42
Vortex flow
1 ∂ψ
Calculation of the stream function ur = =0
r ∂θ Γ
⇒ ψ = ln r
∂ψ −Γ 2π
uθ = − =
∂r 2π r
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
43
Elementary Potential Flows
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
44
Flow over a cylinder with circulation
Consider again the flow over a cylinder, but now we add a vortex at the origin. The
stream function for this flow is given by
κ sin θ Γ Γ
ψ = V∞ r sin θ + + ln r − ln R
2π r 2π 2π
Just a
Uniform flow Doublet Vortex
constant
R2 Γ r
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2 + ln
r 2π R
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
45
Flow over a cylinder with circulation
R2 Γ r
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2 + ln
r 2π R
1 ∂ψ R2
* Velocity field: ur = = V∞ cos θ 1 − 2
r ∂θ r
∂ψ R2 Γ
uθ = − = −V∞ sin θ 1 + 2 −
∂r r 2π r
1 ∂ψ
* Velocity at the cylinder: ur = =0
r ∂θ
∂ψ Γ
uθ = − = −2V∞ sin θ −
∂r 2π R
Γ
* Stagnation points: r = R , sin θ = −
4π RV∞
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
46
Flow over a cylinder with circulation
−Γ
* Stagnation points (cont.) r = R , θ = arcsin
4π RV∞
2 4π V∞ 4π V∞
Note that for every value of Γ, the resulting flow will be the flow around a cylinder, so
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
47
Flow over a cylinder with circulation
1 ∂ψ
The velocity field at the cylinder was found to be ur = =0
r ∂θ
∂ψ Γ
uθ = − = −2V∞ sin θ −
∂r 2π R
So the pressure distribution over the cylinder is given by
1 2Γ sin θ Γ
2
p = p∞ + ρV∞ 1 − 4sin θ −
2
−
2 π RV∞ 2π RV∞
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Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
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Calculation of the Drag
Drag: Only the pressure contributes to the total drag, since body and viscous forces
have been neglected.
2π
D= ∫ − pRdθ cosθ
0
2π 2π
D 1 p 1
CD =
q∞ ⋅ 2 R ⋅1
=−
2 ∫
0
q∞
cos θ dθ = −
2 ∫C
0
p cos θ dθ
⇒ CD = 0
Independent of Γ.
2π 2π 2π
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
49
Calculation of the Lift over the Cylinder p
y
L
CL = Rdθ
q∞ 2 R ⋅1 θ
2π 2π R
x
1
L= ∫ − pRdθ sin θ
0
⇒ CL = −
2 ∫C
0
p sin θ dθ
2π
1 2Γ Γ
CL = ∫ θ dθ =
2
sin
2 Rπ V∞ 0
RV∞
L = ρV∞ Γ
The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
2π 2π 2π
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
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The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
V∞ , ρ ∞ L
Contour B
Contour A
L = ρ ∞V∞ j∫ V ⋅ d s
A
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
51
Potential Flow around Bodies (overview)
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
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Source panel method
• Numerical method for an approximate determination of the flow around bodies of
arbitrary shape
• Idea: Distribute sources (and sinks) with a yet undetermined strength along the
boundary of the object. Use the boundary condition at the wall of the object to
determine the strength of the sources and sinks. Finally, determine the flow of the
source distribution in a uniform parallel flow.
•In order to do this we have to introduce the concept of a source sheet, which is a
continuous distribution of sources along a contour.
ds b
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
53
Source panel method (cont.)
P ( x, y )
r
ds
b
λ ( s)
a
s
An infinitisimal elemenent ds has a source strength of λdsand this induces a
potential at the point P equal to
λ ds
dφ = ln r
2π
So the total potential induced by the coutour at the point P is given by
b
λ ds
φ ( P) = ∫ ln r
a
2π
Problem: How do we determine the strength λ(s) such that the desired profile is
approximated?
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
54
Source panel method (cont.)
Approximate the contour by a finite number of straight line segments and assume
that λ is constant within each segment, so we have a finite number, N, of source
strengths λi to determine.
Calculate the contribution at an arbitrary point P to the total potential due to one
segment.
Place the point P at the midpoint of an arbitrary panel and set the derivative of the
potential in the direction of the normal of the panel equal to zero (boundary
condition), i.e.
∂φ
=0
∂n
This gives one equation for the N unknowns λi . Imposing the boundary conditions
at all segments, gives N equations for N unknowns, which in general to a unique
solution.
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Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
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Source panel method (cont.)
The equation to be solved have the following form:
λi N λ j ∂
V∞ cos β i + + ∑ ∫
2 j =1 2π j ∂ni
( ln rij ) ds j = 0
j ≠i 1 44 2 4 43
Iij
Remarks: The influence coefficients Iij do not depend on the flow, but only of the
geometry of the profile.
Of course, increasing the number of panels, will improve the approximation (higher
accuracy).
Modern panel techniques employ curved panels and a non-constant source distribution.
Once the source strengths have been obtained we can calculate the velocity along the
panels, using
∂φ N
λ ∂
( VP) panel i =
∂s
= V∞ sin β i + ∑ i
j =1 2π
∫j ∂s ( ln rij ) ds j
j ≠i
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
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Source panel method (cont.)
∂φ N
λ ∂
(V )
P panel i =
∂s
= V∞ sin β i + ∑ i
j =1 2π
∫j ∂s ( ln rij ) ds j
j ≠i
Once we have the velocity along the panel I, we can use Bernoulli
to obtain the pressure acting on panel I.
( VP )
2
= 1−
panel i
C p, i
V∞
N
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Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden
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Comparison with real flows
This finalizes chapter 3 (and 6) on potential flows.
TUD
Aerodynamics-B, AE2-115 I, Chapter III Ad
Gerritsma & Van Oudheusden