ANIMAL TISSUES

FOUR basic types of tissues

CON-MEN

Read pg 807, Animal structure and function: An

introduction
 Learning objectives
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

• List the FOUR main types of animal tissues.

• From pictographs or diagrams, correctly

(1) Identify the following animal tissues and describe their

location in our body system,
(2) Explain how their structure relates to function and give
examples of each.

A. Epithelial tissue (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)

B. Connective tissue (adipose, cartilage, bone)
C. Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral/ smooth)
D. Nervous
How do these relate to
one another?
Body (organ) Cells
systems
Tissue Organs
s
Figure 1 illustrates how
tissues fit into the
hierarchy of body
components.

ORGANIZATION OF THE
BODY
Cells > into tissues,
tissues > into organs.
Several organs > form
organ systems.
 Introduction: Animal
tissues
• Only four types of tissues, dispersed
throughout the body:
– epithelial tissue,
– connective tissue,
– muscle tissue, and
– nerve tissue.

• A type of tissue is not unique for a particular

organ and all types of tissue are present in
most organs, just as certain types of cells
are found in many organs.

• For example, nerve cells and circulating

blood cells are present in virtually all organs
(1) Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissues cover the

body and line its cavities
 Epithelial tissue
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelium
Stratified squamous (nonkeratinized) epithelium
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
SPECIALIZED EPITHELIUM
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
 Criteria for classifying epithelium:
(1) Number of layers, (2) Shape & (3)
Free surface
• Number of layers
– (1) Simple epithelium: ONLY one layer of cells
– (2) Stratified epithelium: MORE than one cell
layer
• Shape
– (1) Squamous epithelium:
• Cell appear flattened or scale-like

– (2) Cuboidal epithelium:

• Cell height is the same as cell width

– (3) Columnar epithelium:

• Cell height is greater than cell width
• Free surface
– (1) Ciliated epithelium (Cilia are present at
the cell surface)
– (2) Non-keratinized epithelium/ moist
– (3) Keratinized epithelium/ dry

Two or more of these criteria are often used to classify

each type of epithelium
E.g.
Epidermis of skin > Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Epithelium of esophagus > Moist type of stratified squamous
epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Description: Single layer of
flat cells, centrally located
Nucleus nucleus
Location:
Lining the air sacs of the
lungs, capillary walls and
blood vessels (diffusion of
nutrients and gasses)
Function:
Like floor tiles!! cells very thin and leaky,
Epithelium (n): Singular permits the rapid
Epithelia (n): Plural movement
Lining of blood andof molecules
lymph vessels >>
Epithelial (adj): e.g. epithelial cells, endothelium~
(e.g. rapidstructurally
diffusionsimilar
of to
epithelial tissue,
squamous epithelial cells
epithelial membrane gasses), exchange
 Simple cuboidal epithelium

Like
dice!!

Description: Single layer of

cube –shaped cells,
centrally located nucleus
Function- cells rich in
specific transport
channels, functions in
secretion and absorption.
Location-Lining of some
glands (e.g., thyroid
 Simple columnar epithelium
Description:
Single layer, column-like cells with nuclei near
base of the cells, contains goblet cells and cells
with microvilli in some locations
Function
Thicker cell layer, provides protection and
functions in secretion and absorption.
Location
surface lining of stomach,
intestines and parts of
respiratory tract
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
(1) airways of the respiratory
tract and (2) in the
gastrointestinal (stomach and
intestine) tract.
Interspersed among the
columnar epithelial cells are
goblet cells, specialized to
secrete mucus.
Respiratory airways contain
cilia on their apical surface (the
surface facing lumen/cavity).
Small intestine, the apical
surface of the columnar
epithelial cells form fingerlike
projections called microvilli, 
increase the surface area for the
• Goblet cells are glandular simple columnar
epithelial cells whose sole function is to
secrete mucus

• They are found scattered among the

epithelial lining of many organs, especially
the intestinal and respiratory tracts.
Note the brush border
made up of microvilli.
Goblet type cells release
secretions of mucus.
 Stratified squamous epithelium
Description:
– Several cell layers thick, cuboidal to columnar shape in
deep layers, squamous cells form the apical layer and
several layers deep to it, cells from the basal layer
replace surface cells as they are losr
Function:
– Tough layer of cells; provides protection

Location:
E.g. Epidermis (skin), lining of
the oesophagus
 Stratified squamous epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelia regenerate
rapidly
– by cell division near the basement membrane.
• The new cells are pushed to the free
surface as replacements for cells that are
continually sloughed off.
• Is commonly found on surfaces subject to
abrasion, such as the outer skin and linings
of the esophagus, anus and vagina.
• The organization of this type of tissue
ensures that abrasion affects the oldest
Stratified squamous epithelium
(keratinized vs nonkeratinized)
• Stratified squamous keratinized
epithelium (skin)
– Upper layer consists of dead squamous
cells
– Filled
SKIN Vs LIPS Dried,
with a water-resistant protein
called keratin chapped
easily
Water resistant
property of
keratin
 Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
Description: consisting of closely packed cells
which appear to be arranged in layers BUT all of
which are in fact attached to the basement
membrane
• Function
– Secretes mucus, dense
with cilia that aid in
movement of mucus,
provide protection
• Location
– Lining the respiratory A single layer of
tract cells, varying in
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
 Cilia Vs Microvilli
• Cilia:
– Cellular projection from the surface of the cell,
9+2 arrangement (as in flagellum)
– Move fluid, mucus and dissolved materials over
some exposed cell surfaces

• Microvilli:
– Cytoplasmic projection from epithelia cells
– Increase membrane surface area for increased
absorption and/or secretion
 Transitional epithelium
Description:
– Appearance is
variable
( transitional), shape
of cells in apical layer
ranges from
squamous (when
stretched) to cuboidal
(when relaxed)
Location:
– Lines urinary bladder
and portions of
ureters and urethra
Cognitive exercise…..
 Q??

A Q1.
D What type of
epithelial tissues
illustrated in A-
F?
Q2.
B E What is the
structure
labelled Z?

Z
C
F
Goblet cell
Digestive tract: Jejunum
Esophagus

Stratified squamous
epithelium
Which of the following is NOT a simple epithelium?

I II

III IV
X
 MORE exercise
Q1. List the epithelial type that is found:

(c) Lining the lumen of the stomach

(e) Lining the tiny air sacs of the lungs,

• epithelial cell lining the wall of the alveolus

(f) Lining the trachea (wind pipe)

Specialized epithelial cell:
Glands
Exocrine and Endocrine
glands
 Specialized epithelial cell
Glands classified into TWO categories:
(2)Exocrine
(3)Endocrine

• Exocrine: (invaginated epithelium)

secrete non-hormonal substances
through a narrow tube (duct), into a
body cavity or the surface of their
epithelial origin
E.g. sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
• Endocrine: lack ducts, secrete hormones,
their secretory products are released
directly into the bloodstream, the
lymphatic system, or interstitial fluid
(tissue fluid)

• Major endocrine glands of the body:

E.g. Adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and
pineal glands, ovaries, placenta and testes
– Hormones secreted by endocrine glands
include: peptides/proteins, modified a.a.,
steroids and glycoproteins
– The secretory cells organized in cords of cells or
in a follicular arrangement (follicular cells: Form
follicles that surround a cavity, stored hormone
is released upon receiving a release signal)
Exocrine glands are classified
according to
(2) nature of their secretion
(3) mode of secretion
(4) number of cells (unicellular or
multicellular)
Exocrine glands: Nature of secretion
In many exocrine glands (digestive, respiratory
systems), secrete substances describes as:
• Mucous glands: thick, viscous, gel-like
protective lubricant, called mucus,
– Line the body cavity, open to the outside of the body
− lubricates the tissue, protects from drying
− Goblet cells, salivary glands
(2) Serous glands: secrete enzyme-rich watery fluid
– Line a body cavity, does NOT open to the outside of
the body
− Pleural membranes lining the lung cavity
− Pericardial membrane lining the pericardial cavity
(3) Mixed glands: A mixture of the two type
 Exocrine glands: Modes of secretion
Three different mechanisms for releasing their
secretory products:
• Merocrine glands:
• The release of the secretory product occurs via
exocytosis. Neither cell membrane nor cytoplasm
becomes a part of the secretion (E.g. parotid
gland, a type of salivary gland)
(3) Apocrine glands:
• A small portion of the apical cytoplasm is released
along with the secretory product (E.g. Lactating
mammary gland)
(4) Holocrine glands:
(E.g. sebaceous (E.g. parotid gland, a (E.g. Lactating mammary
gland) type of salivary gland)
gland)
Secretio
n
Secretory
vesicle
Golgi
complex
Mature
RER cell dies
and
Nucleu becomes
s secretory
product
Cell
Pinche division
d off replaces
portion lost cell
of cell
is
secreti
on
Exocrine glands: Number of cells
Glands
– Unicellular,
>E.g. mucus-secreting goblet cells
(simplest) of the trachea
– Multicellular,
> consist of clusters of secretory cells
> E.g. Those secrete saliva, sweat, milk
 Exocrine/
Endocrine?
Unicellular
Exocrine Unicellular/
Multicellular
gland
?

Exocrine
gland

Simple Compound
gland gland
 Functions of epithelial cells

is specialized for
(1) Movement of materials in, out or around the
body
(2) Protection of the internal environment
against the external environment
(3) Secretion of a product
• PHYSICAL PROTECTION:
– provides physical protection from abrasion,
dehydration, and damage by xenobiotics.
• MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE BODY:
– It controls permeability of a substance in its
effort to enter or leave the body.
– Some epithelia are relatively impermeable;
others are readily crossed.
– This epithelial barrier can be damaged in
response to various toxins.
• SECRETION:
– Contains glands and secrets substances such
as sweat or digestive enzymes.
– Others secrete substances into the blood
(hormones), such as the pancreas, thyroid, and
pituitary gland.
 Main characteristics of epithelium
1. Rest on a basement membrane
– Supports the epithelium, separate it from the underlying c.t.,
– Forms a type of barrier, (prevent the spread of malignant
cells into underlying c.t.
2. Little intercellular
– Pack close together, with a very small intercellular space
– Differ from c.t., c.t. cells separated by a large intercellular
space
3. Avascular
– Epithelium derives its nutrition by diffusion of tissue fluid
from the vessels in the underlying c.t.
4. Derive from all three germ layers
– E.g. ectoderm give rise to the epithelium of the skin (and
associated glands), mouth and anus
– Mesoderm: Endothelium of bv, and lymph vessels, pleura,
pericardium
– Endoderm: Esophagus, stomach, intestines
(2) Connective tissue
Connective tissue

Divided into two major

classes:
Connective tissue proper
Special connective tissue
 Connective tissue

• Connective tissue proper

• Ground substance and fibers

• Connective tissue fibers: Collagen, Elastic (dense) ,
Reticular (loose)

– Loose (areolar) connective tissue:

– Dense (fibrous) connective tissue

• Specialized connective tissue

– Cartilage, bone and blood
“Connective tissues are
specialized to provide
support and hold the body
tissues together (they
connect).”
 Connective tissue
functions as…..
• Connective tissue serves many purposes
in the body:
(1) binding
(2) supporting
(3) protecting
(4) forming blood
(5) storing fats
(6) filling space
Loose connective tissue
• Loose connective tissue
– binds epithelia to underlying tissues
– functions as “packing material”, holding
tissues or organ in place.
– Consists of cells scattered within the
extracellular matrix (ECM)
– EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: an amorphous
mass of proteins that form a ground
substance, which is strengthened by a
loose scattering of protein (C.T.) fibers,
such as collagen fibers, elastic fibers and
reticular fibers.
 Types of Collagen fibers
– (1) Collagen fibers:
>provide strength and flexibility, dominant type of c.t.,
>appear as thick bundles (DENSE a.k.a FIBROUS C.T.)

– (2) Elastic fibers:

>long thread made of proteins, elastin;
> stretchable structure, expand and return to their
original sizes
> lung tissue and wall of the blood vessel

– (3) Reticular fibers:

>fine networks, thin and branched
>gave support to individual cells, E.g. liver, muscle,
adipose
A mixture of
connective tissue
fibers:
Collagen and elastic
fibers intermingle in
the dermis Loose (areolar) c.t.
Dense (fibrous)
connective tissue
• The cells that secrete collagen and
other fibrous proteins are known as
fibroblast.

• Contains other cells: e.g.

Macrophages, mast cells, fat
(adipose) cells
Function:
Provides support, reservoir for fluid
and salts and nourishment for
epithelium.
Location:
Beneath skin, between organs
Cells:
Fibroblast, macrophages, mast
cells

Loose (areolar)
 Adipose tissue
• Fat cells (adipocytes) are found in
loose connective tissue, usually in
large groups, referred, as adipose
tissue.
• FUNCTIONS: insulates the body and
stores fuel as fat molecules.
Do you know???
Each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet
that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when
the body uses fat as fuel.
 Loose connective tissue :
Adipose tissue
• Fat is stored in globules of adipose tissue, a type
of connective tissue.
• As a person gains or loses weight, the sizes of the
fat globules increases or decreases.

A person cannot decrease

the number of fat cells by
losing weight.
Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
• Fibrous connective tissue
– Is dense, owing to its large number of
collagenous fibers.
– Forms…
• Tendons (connects muscle to bone)
• Ligaments (join bones to bones and together
at joints)
Function:
Provide flexible, strong
connections

Location:
Tendons, ligaments, dermis of
skin

Cells: Dense (fibrous) connective

Fibroblast tissue
All connective tissues do share a
common structural feature:
They all have abundant extracellular
matrix because their cells are spaced
widely apart.
e.g. In bone, the extracellular matrix
contains crystals that make the bones
hard.
In blood, the extracellular matrix is
 Specialized c.t. >Cartilage
• Cartilage
– Has an abundance collagenous fibers embedded in a
rubbery matrix.
– The rubbery matrix > a protein-carbohydrate complex
called chondroitin sulfate
– Chondroitin sulfate and collagenous fibers (collagen) are
secreted by cells called chondrocytes
– Avascular
– Many vertebrates have cartilaginous skeletons during
the embryo stage, but most of the cartilage is replaced
by bone as embryo matures.
– Cartilage is retained in certain locations, such as the
discs (act as cushions between vertebrae and the caps
on the end of some bones).
– Allows to absorb considerable physical impact without
breaking.
 Cartilage
• Function
– Provides flexible
support, shock
absorption and
reduction of friction on
load-bearing surfaces
• Location
– Trachea, spinal disc,
knees, joints, ear, nose
• Cell
– Chondrocytes
 Specialized c.t. >Bone
• A mineralized connective tissue.
• Bone forming cells are called osteoblasts.
• Osteoblasts: deposit a matrix of collagen.
• Calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions combine
and harden within the matrix into the mineral
hydroxyapatite.
• Consists of repeating unit called osteon (Haversian
system).
• Each osteon has concentric layers of mineralized
matrix surrounded a central canal containing
blood vessels and nerves.
 Bone
• Function
– Protects internal
organs; provides rigid
support for muscle
attachment
• Location
– Most of skeleton
• Cells:
– Osteocytes
 Bone matrix and bone cells
Organic material
– The family of bone cells:
Osteoblast, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
Osteoid (ground substance and collagen
fibers)

Inorganic material
– Hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate crystal)
 Specialized c.t. >Blood
• The matrix is a liquid called plasma.
• Function
– As highway of immune system and primary
means of communication between organs
• Location
– Circulatory system
• Cells
Erythrocytes (carry oxygen),
Leukocytes (function in the immune system)
Plasma/thrombocytes (blood clotting)
(3) MUSCLE TISSUE

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
 Muscle tissue: skeletal muscle
• Function
– Voluntary movement
• Location
– Skeletal muscle
• Cell:
– Skeletal muscle cells/ muscle100fiber
µm

Multiple
nuclei

Muscle fiber

Sarcomere
 Skeletal muscle
• Usually attached by tendons to bones, so that,
when the muscle contract, they cause the bones
to move at their joints.

• Each skeletal muscle contains numerous muscle

fibers (a single muscle cell muscle fiber).
• Each muscle fiber enclose a bundle of myofibrils.
• Each myofibril is composed of thick and thin
myofilaments.

• Each muscle fiber is multinucleate (having long,

multinucleate cells running the length of the
muscle)
 Muscle tissue: cardiac muscle
• Striated, branched, responsible for the
contraction of the heart (involuntary)
• Function
– Highly interconnected cells, promotes
rapid spread of signal initiating
contraction
• Location
Walls of heart

• Cell
Cardiac muscle
cells
Intercalated
Nucleus
disk 50
µm
 Cardiac muscle
• Cardiac muscle is composed of smaller,
interconnected cells, each with a single
cells.
• The interconnections between adjacent
cells (appeared under the microscope as
dark lines) called intercalated discs.
• These interconnections enable the cardiac
muscle cells to form a single, functioning
unit known as myocardium.
• Certain cardiac muscle cells generate
electric impulses spontaneously, and these
impulses spread across, from cell to cell,
causing all of the cells in the myocardium
 Muscle tissue: smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle (lack striations)
• Function
– Involuntary contraction commanded by the
central nervous system
– Such as churning of the stomach and
constriction of arteries
•Location
Walls of blood vessels,
stomach and intestines
Nucleus

•Cell Muscle
fibers
Smooth muscle cells
25 µm
Smooth muscle cells
 Muscle tissue: smooth muscle

• Found in the organs of the internal

environment, or viscera (sometimes
known as visceral muscle).
• Smooth muscle tissue consists of
sheets of long, spindle-shaped cells,
each cells containing a single
nucleus.
Muscle Tissues
(4) Nerve tissue
Four distinct
parts:
• dendrites,
(2) the cell
body,
(3) the axon
and
(4) the
 Nerve tissue
• Contains two main cell types:
– Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia/ glial cells or
supporting cells.
• Function (Neurons)
– To produce and conduct electrochemical events
or “impulses”.
Each neuron consists of FOUR
parts:, dendrites, cell body, axon
and synaptic terminal.
Neuroglia do NOT conduct electrical
impulses but instead,
•Support and insulate neurons (form an
insulating covering: myelin sheath)
•Eliminate foreign materials in and
 Neurons

Dendrite

Nuclei
of
glial
cells

Axon

100 µm

Fig. 38-3, p. 817

How does the structure of
the neuron relate to its
function?
 Receive signals
from other
neuron

Integrates the
signal,
coordinates
metabolic
activities

Action
potentials
starts here

Transmit
nction: Receives and transmits information signals to
other
neurons
 Types of
neurons
(nerve cells)
(1) Sensory
neuron
(2)Interneuron/
Association
neuron
(3) Motor neuron
 Sensory neuron
• Function
– Carry impulses (info from internal
or external environment) from
sensory receptors to interneurons

• Location:
– Eyes, ears, skin

• Characteristic cell types:

– Rods and cones (eyes)
 Interneuron
• Function:
– Integrate information,
conduct impulses between
neurons in CNS
• Location:
– Locate in the brains and
spinal cord
 Motor neurons
• Function:
– Carry impulses away from
CNS, activate muscles or
glands
• Location:
– Brain and spinal cord
 SENSORY

INTERNEURON MOTOR
 MORE exercise
Q2. What characteristic is common to
all connective tissues???
Q3. What type of tissue contains a
calcified ground substance and is
specialized for structural support?
??
 Organ systems
• How many?
(2) Integumentary system
(3) Skeletal system
(4) Muscular system
(5) Nervous system
(6) Endocrine system
(7) Cardiovascular system
(8) Immune/Lymphatic system
(9) Respiratory system
(10)Digestive system
(11)Urinary system
(12)Reproductive system
11 Organ
Systems
Cont……
…..11
Organ
Systems
THE END