The Scientific Revolution

Chapter 34

34.1 Intro.
The S.R. occurred b/t 1500 and 1700. What do you think Europeans had based all previous scientific knowledge on? Previously, Europeans had relied on the Bible and the work of classical thinkers for knowledge about the natural world. During the S.R., scientists challenged the traditional teachings about nature.

Aristotle

34.2 What Were the Roots of the S.R.?

Christians b/l that whatever the Bible said about nature had to be true. Which priest from the Middle Ages blended faith and reason? By the Middle Ages, Europeans had accepted T. Aquinas blending of Aristotles teachings w/ Christian faith. Where had many Greek and Roman texts been preserved during the Middle Ages? During the Ren. Scholars b/g to question these views as many ancient Greek and Roman texts came from Muslim lands. What do you think scientific truth would be based on during the S.R.? Many bought into Greek rationalism; reason and observation could be used to discover truths about the world.

34.3 Who Were Copernicus and Kepler?

S.R b/g w/ the work of Copernicus. What did people believe was at the center of the universe b/f Copernicus? For 2,000 years, people b/l Earth was center of universe (geocentric). Aristotle and Bible supported this. How did the Bible support this? At b/g of the 1500s Copernicus develops heliocentric theory (sun is in the center), and that Earth turns on axis. Early 1600s Kepler discovered that planetary orbits were elliptical. This helped prove the Copernican theory.

Keplers Theory

34.4 Who Was Galileo?

Was a contemporary of Kepler. Was interested in the problems of motion and used math to describe the paths of projectiles. Do you think he sided with the geocentric theory or the Copernican theory?

What Were Galileos Discoveries?

In 1609, he learned of the telescope and b/g building his own. What were some of the things he discovered? He discovered: rough, uneven surface of moon; 4 moons of Jupiter; observed Venus and saw that it traveled around the sun. What did these discoveries contradict? Telescope further convinced him of the Copernican theory.

Drawings of the phases of the moons of Jupiter

Galileos correction of Ptolemys work

Why Was There Conflict With the Church?

How do you think the Church felt about his discoveries? The Church saw the Copernican Theory as dangerous and contradictive of their teachings, and warned him to stop teaching it. In 1632 he published a book that argued in favor of the Copernican Theory. What do you think happened to Galileo b/c of his book? He was then sentenced to Rome by the pope to face the Inquisition where he was charged with heresy. He was forced to swear that the geocentric theory was true.

Galileo before the Inquisition

What Was Galileos Influence?

Scientists all over Europe read his book and he converted many to the Copernican theory. How did he solve his problems? He used math and observation to solve scientific problems (like Kepler).

34.5 Who Was Isaac Newton?

Was a brilliant scientist and mathematician whose greatest discovery was the law of gravity. How does gravity affect planets and moons? Decided that gravity was what kept the moon orbiting around the Earth. He showed how gravity worked on objects on Earth and planets in space. Changed peoples view of the universe who now saw it as a beautifully designed machine.

34.6 What Is the Scientific Method?

Major outcome of the S.R. was the scientific method, which was influenced by F. Bacon (observation) and R. Descartes (logic). Whats the scientific method? Scientific Method: 1. State a question 2. Form hypothesis 3. Conduct experiment 4. Collect the data 5. Analyze the data against the hypothesis

Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes

34.7 What Were the Key Inventions?

What can you see with a microscope? Microscope was invented by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the mid 1600s. First person to view bacteria. What does a barometer measure? Barometer was invented by Evangelista Torricelli to measure changes in the atmospheric pressure. Valuable in studying and predicting weather. What does a thermometer measure? Thermometer was invented by D. G. Fahrenheit to measure temperature.

Van Leeuwenhoek

Evangelista Torricelli

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Van Leeuwenhoeks first microscope

Torricellis first barometer

Fahrenheits first thermometer