Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Chapter 8: Further Topics in Algebra

8.1 Sequences and Series 8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 8.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 8.4 The Binomial Theorem

8.5 Mathematical Induction

8.6 Counting Theory

8.7 Probability
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8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the previous term. 5, 9, 13, 17 is an example of an arithmetic sequence since 4 is added to each term to get the next term. The fixed number added is called the common difference.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

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8.2 Finding a Common Difference Example Find the common difference d for the arithmetic sequence 9, 7, 5, 3, 1, Solution d can be found by choosing any two consecutive terms and subtracting the first from the second: d = 5 (7) = 2 .

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8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series

nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence In an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common difference d, the nth term an, is given by

an a1 (n 1)d

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8.2 Finding Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

Example Find a13 and an for the arithmetic sequence 3, 1, 5, 9, Solution Here a1= 3 and d = 1 (3) = 4. Using n=13,

an a1 (n 1)d a13 3 (13 1)4 45

In general

an a1 (n 1)d 3 (n 1)4 4n 7
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8.2 Find the nth term from a Graph

Example Find a formula for the nth term of the sequence graphed below.

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8.2 Find the nth term from a Graph

Solution The equation of the dashed line shown Below is y = .5x +4.

The sequence is given by an = .5n +4 for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 .

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

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8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series

Sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

If an arithmetic sequence has first term a1 and common difference d, the sum of the first n terms is given by

n Sn (a1 an ) 2

or

n Sn [2a1 (n 1)d ] . 2
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8.2 Using The Sum Formulas

Example Find the sum of the first 60 positive integers. Solution The sequence is 1, 2, 3, , 60 so a1 = 1 and a60 = 60. The desired sum is

60 S60 (1 60) 30(61) 1830 . 2

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8.2 Using Summation Notation

Example Evaluate the sum

(4i 8) .
i 1

10

Solution The sum contains the terms of an arithmetic sequence having a1 = 4(1) + 8 = 12 and a10 = 4(10) + 8 = 48. Thus,
10 (4i 8) S10 (12 48) 300 . 2 i 1
10

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

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