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Market Failure
Define a market. A place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. Define a free market. A market in which goods and services are traded free of governments intervening and providing goods and services Define market failure. When the free market fails to deliver an efficient allocation of resources.or. When there is a completely missing market: Complete market failure
Imperfect information.
Private sector being unable to supply important public goods profitably to consumers.
Lack of competition/monopoly.
Externalities
The costs or benefits that spill over to third parties external to a market. No market in which it can be sold or produced.
What externalities may exist from opening a nuclear power plant in Scotland?
Externalities
Externalities
What externalities may exist from the government providing street lighting? Who may be affected by these externalities?
Externalities cause market failure if: 1) There is no market for it. 2) No account is taken of the social costs.
Definitions
Private Costs Social Costs Private Benefits Social Benefit
The cost to an individual or firm of an economic transaction
Definitions
External Costs
The spill-over cost to third parties of an economic transaction The spill-over benefits to third parties of an economic transaction
External Benefits
Negative Externalities
Production
Private costs Social costs Private benefits Social benefits
Consumption
When social costs exceed private costs negative externalities exist. When social benefits exceed private benefits positive externalities exist. This incentivises the producer to produce in a manor that does not benefit society as much as if private costs exceeded social costs. This leads to the producer not accounting for externalities in their calculations.
Negative Externalities
When you go on holiday, what costs would you consider when calculating its total cost?
Positive Externalities
When third parties benefit from the spill over effects of production and consumption.
Types of Externality
Read through the types of externality. Complete the remaining two columns. Discussion
Types of Externality
External Costs
Acid rain pollution discharged by a power station which harms a nearby forest.
External Benefits
Pure Consumption Noisy music being played by externalities (generated and a group of teenagers received in consumption) disturbing neighbours. Mixed consumption externalities (generated in consumption but received in production) Congestion caused by private motorists increasing firms transport and delivery costs.
Households benefiting from the well kept neighbours gardens. Commercial beekeepers benefiting from the private gardens of nearby houses.