The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle, has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to that of the

eukaryotic plasma membrane (about 1:1 by weight). It contains large numbers of integral proteins called porins. These porins form channels that allow molecules 5000 Daltons or less in molecular weight to freely diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other.

The mitochondrial inner membrane forms internal compartments known as cristae, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochromes to function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are also transport proteins that transport in a highly controlled manner metabolites across this membrane.

Cristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. They are studded with proteins, including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes. The maximum surface for chemical reactions to occur is within the mitochondria. This allows cellular respiration (aerobic respirationsince the mitochondria requires oxygen) to occur.

Matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules. The mitochondrial matrix also contains the mitochondria's DNA and ribosomes. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm.

PROTON MOTIVE FORCE:The energized state of a membrane that occurs when the fluid on the outside of the membrane has a positive charge while the fluid on the inside has a negative charge.

CHEMIOSMOSIS:The production of ATP utilizing the energy released when hydrogen ions flow through an ATP synthase complex.

Cell Respiration is divided into 3 stages. (components)

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis
Glyco- glucose, -lysis: to split Universal step in all forms of respiration Likely used to supply energy for the ancient cells.

Glycolysis
Function - To split glucose and produce NADH, ATP and Pyruvate (pyruvic acid). Location - Cytoplasm. Occurs in 9 steps. 6 of the steps use magnesium Mg as cofactors.

NAD+ Energy carrier

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NAD+ + 2 eNADH NAD+ = oxidized form NADH = reduced form

Requirements for Glycolysis

Glucose 2 ATP. As activation energy 4 ADP 2 NAD+ Enzymes

The Products of Glycolysis

2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid) 4 ATP 2 NADH

Net Energy Result

2 ATP per glucose 2 NADH In summary, glycolysis takes one glucose and turns it into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and a net of 2 ATP.

Krebs Cycle
Also called: Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Function: Oxidize pyruvic acid to CO2 Produce: 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1ATP Location: Mitochondria matrix

Formation of Acetyl CoA: Acetyl CoA is formed when the pyruvate , from glycolysis, combines with Coenzyme A tis takes place in the matrix.

Requirements for Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic acid (3C acid) Coenzyme A 3 NAD+ 1 ADP 1 FAD Double this list for each glucose.

Products of Krebs Cycle

3 CO2 Acetyl CoA 3 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH2

Krebs Cycle
Produces most of the cell's energy in the form of NADH and FADH2 not ATP Does NOT require O2 The CO2 produced by the Krebs cycle is the CO2 animal exhale when they breathe.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM:A mechanism by which electrons are passed along a series of carrier molecules, releasing energy for the synthesis of ATP.

The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane maintained by action of electron transport chain. Chain consists of 6 proteins associated with inner mitochondrial membrane:

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) Succinate coenzyme Q reductase (complex II) Coenzyme Q (CoQ) (also called ubiquinone) Cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III) Cytochrome c (Cyt c) Cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)

Transfer of high energy electron from NADH to FMN FMNH2 passes 2H+ to the other side of mitochondrial membrane and passes 2 electrons to Q.

Electrons pass successively from Q to cyt b, cyt c1, cyt c, cyt a, and cyt a 3.

cyt a 3 passes its electron to molecular oxygen which becomes negative (-) charged and then picks up protons from the surrounding medium to form H2O.

ATP Yield During Prokaryotic Aerobic respiration of One Glucose molecule

Glycolysis 2 net ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation 2 NADH yields 6 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative phosphorylation Transition Reaction 2 NADH yields 6 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative phosphorylation Citric Acid Cycle 2 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation 6 NADH yields 18 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH2 yields 4 ATP (assuming 2 ATP per FADH2) by oxidative phosphorylation

Total Theoretical Maximum Number of ATP Generated per Glucose in Prokaryotes 38 ATP: 4 from substrate-level phosphorylation; 34 from oxidative phosphorylation.