WIRELESS COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION (2G, 3G & 4G NETWORKS)

Presented By: Liaqat Khan

Presentation Overview

Wireless Communication Generations Standardization bodies Wireless Communication Evolution GSM GPRS/EDGE UMTS/WCDMA HSPA 3GPP Releases Summary CDMA2000 CDMA2000 Evolution

LTE WiMax LTE vs. WiMax LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0 Wireless Communication Market update Wireless Communication Market in Pakistan Cellular and Broadband Market in Pakistan

Wireless Communication Generations

Generation Requirement 1G 2G
No Official Requirement Analog systems No Official Requirement Digital systems ITUs IMT-2000 required 144 kbps mobile, 384 kbps pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors ITUs IMT-Advance requires more than 200 Mbps to 1 Gbps.

Comments
Deployed in 1980s Deployed in 1990s. Major Technologies: CdmaOne (IS95), GSM Primary technologies include CDMA2000, UMTS, WiMAX. No commercially deployed technology meets requirements today. IEEE 802.16m and LTE-Advanced being designed to meet the requirements

3G

4G

Standardization Bodies

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000) 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).

ITU

3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
IEEE IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

IMT-2000

3GPP

802.11 (WLAN)

802.16(WiMax)

3GPP2

Wireless Communication Evolution

3GPP
GSM HSUPA 5.8 Mbps cdmaOne IS 95 EVDO Rev. A 3.1 Mbps 802.16d/Fixe d WiMax 100 Mbps GPRS 171 Kbps HSPA+ 28 to 42 Mbps IS 95B 64 Kbps EVDO Rev. B 9.1 to 46 Mbps 802.16e/Mobile WiMax 46 Mbps EDGE 384 Kbps UMTS 2 Mbps LTE 100 Mbps HSDPA 14 Mbps LTEAdvance 1 Gbps EVDO Rel. 0 2 Mbps

3GPP2

CDMA200 0 384 Kbps

UMB/ Rev. c 288 Mbps

IEEE

802.16m/Mobile WiMax >350 Mbps

GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication)

Research started at 1982 in Europe Commercially deployed in 1991 2nd Generation Digital communication More Capacity/ Voice Quality/Security/Roaming SMS became a the most famous/killer application Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol) Transmission: PCM

GSM/GPRS Architecture

GSM Nodes

MS (Mobile Station)

Handset + SIM GMSK Modulation/Demodulation Channel coding/decoding Connect subscriber to the network Consist of TRX, Antennas, MW 3x Sectors to cover 360 degree GMSK Modulation/Demodulation Frequency hopping Channel coding/decoding Controls different BTSs BTS / TRX Management and configuration Radio Resource Management. Handover Communication with MSC

BTS(Base Transceiver Station)

BSC (Base Station Controller)

GSM Nodes (Cont)

TCU (Trans-coder Unit)

Located near the MSC but controlled by the BSC. Multiplex/De-multiplexing of PCM circuits Converts the 64 Kbps to 16 Kbps and vise-versa Switching between the mobile to mobile or fixed network users. Consist of 4x registers EIR (Equipment Identity Register): Consist of the authorized number which can access the network HLR (Home Location Register): Consist of the static data of each mobile subscriber. User subscription, services, current location etc. VLR (Visitor location Register): Consist of the dynamic data of the user under the coverage area AUC (Authentication Center): Responsible for the policing actions in the network. This has all the data that is required to protect the network against false subscribers and protection of the calls of the regular subscribers.

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

GSM Nodes (Cont)

NOC (Network Operation Center)

Network monitoring and surveillance to ensure maximum network availability. ISO Network Management framework called FCAPS used for the NOC Operations. FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Asset, Performance and Security Management) TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) was standardized by ITU-T. TMN defines an open system with standardized interfaces. This standardization enables a platform-independent multivendor environment for management of all components of a telecommunication network.

GSM Interfaces

Um/Air Interface: Standard Interface between the MS and the BTS. Abis Interface: Propriety Interface between BTS and the BSC. Ater Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC and TCU. A Interface : Standard Interface between BSC/TCU and MSC

GSM Protocols

GSM Protocols (Cont)

Layer-1: (Physical Layer)

Air interface (FDMA/TDMA) PCM (2.048 Mbps)

Layer-2:
Air Interface: LAPDm protocol LAPD protocols. MTP: MTP-1, MTP-2, MTP-3 protocols used to route and transport signaling messages

GSM Protocols (Cont)

Layer-3: Divided in 3 x sub layer, RR(Radio Recourse), MM (Mobility Management), CM (Connection Management).

BTSM: Protocol used for the BTS O&M SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented (LU, CM) and a connectionless (paging, flow control) transfer service for signaling messages. BSSAP: To exchange the messages b/w the BSS and MSC. 2x protocols are defined for BSSAP: DTAP & BSSMAP. DTAP: Protocol used to exchange messages b/w MS and MSC like MM and CM. (transparent to BSS) BSSMAP: Protocol used for the RR management. MAP: MAP messages used TCAP Protocol used to exchange the messages b/w MSCs, MSC to HLR/VLR

GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)

Introduced to support the packet data in GSM Major changes in network architecture were introduced.

New network nodes New network interfaces Modification in the MS to support GPRS

Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz Provide the data rate approx: 171.2 Kbps Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol)

GPRS Node

PCU (Packet Control Unit)

Integrated with BSC and part of the BSS Handles the packet related channels, signaling and interfaces with SGSN. Integrated with PCU and part of NSS. Handles the authentication ,mobility and session management PDP (Packet data protocol) context activation
Connect the GPRS network to external data network (Internet)

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

GPRS Interfaces

Pb Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC and PCU. In built-in PCU no need for this interface. Gb Interface: Standard interface between PCU/BSC and SGSN. Gn Interface: Standard interface between SGSN and GGSN

GPRS Protocols

GPRS Protocols (Cont)

Layer-1:

Air Interface
PCM (2.048 Mbps)

Layer-2:

Data link: Divided into 2 x layers, Media Access Control (MAC)/ Radio Link Control (RLC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) MAC: Control the MS attempts on radio channel. (Multiplexing, Scheduling, Prioritizing) RLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and BSS (Segmentation, reassembling) LLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and SGSN (flow control, error detection, re-transmission) NS (Network Service): Protocol used for the Frame Relay implementation. BSSGP (BSS GPRS Application Protocol): Exchange QoS and Routing

GPRS Protocols (Cont)

Layer-3:

GMM/SM: GPRS Mobility and Session Management: GPRS Attach/Detach, PDP context activation, routing area updates and security procedures.

EDGE
(Enhance Data for GSM Evolution)

Mainly a Air interface enhancement New MS, TRX, BSC/PCU EDGE supported introduced. Modulation: 8PSK (3 bits per symbol) Provide the data rate approx: 384 Kbps

GPRS/EDGE Coding Schemes

UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

UMTS also known as Wideband Code Division Multiplexing (WCDMA) 3G technology, successor of GSM, standardized by 3GPP Introduce new access technique: CDMA (Complete access technology upgrade from TDMA) Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz Provide data rate approx 2 Mbps Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol) Transmission: PCM/ATM/IP

UMTS Architecture

UMTS Nodes

Node-B:

Base station for UMTs network Channel coding, spreading, modulation, power control
Controls the Node-B Radio Resource Management. Connects with the other RNCs for the soft handover Communication with the MSC (CS) and SGSN (PS) Performs the same function as in GSM Can support both A-interface (GSM) and Iu-interface (UMTS)

RNC (Radio Network Controller):

MSC:

UMTS Interfaces

Iub Interface: Interface between Node-B and RNC. Iu (CS) Interface: Interface between RNC and MSC Iu (PS) Interface: Interface between RNC and SGSN Iur Interface: Interface between RNCs for soft handover

UMTS Protocols

UMTS Protocols (Cont)

Physical layer may be ATM or IP.

AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5): Used to transport signaling, management and routing protocol within ATM
SSCOP (Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol): Used to transfer the user data in sequence, error control, flow control. SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented and a connectionless transfer service for signaling messages. NBAP (Node-B Application Part): Used for control and configuration messages between Iub interface and channel management RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part): Used for the control information exchange in Iu interface. MM, CM and SM

HSPA
(High Speed Packet Access)

Combination of HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). Used dedicated radio channels in DL and UL to support high data rates for WCDMA. HSDPA introduced in Rel. 5 of 3GPP to increase the downlink speed. HSDPA provide data rate approx: 14 Mbps Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol) and 16-QAM (4 bits per symbol). HSUPA introduced in Rel.6 of 3GPP to increase the uplink speed. HSUPA provide data rate approx: 5.6 Mbps Modulation : QPSK and 16-QAM Further enhancements of HSPA (+) used 64-QAM (6 bits per symbol) and with MIMO support up to 42 Mbps in DL and 11.5 Mbps in UL

3GPP Releases Summary

Releas e 99 First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE).

Releas e4

First steps toward using IP transport in the core network. Bearer independent Core network. (CS + ATM + IP supported)

Releas e5

First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA 14 Mbps )

Releas e6

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA 5.6 Mbps).

3GPP Releases Summary (Cont)

Releas e7

HSPA + (21 Mbps DL, 11.5 Mbps UL) with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Long Term Evolution (LTE 100 Mbps DL, 50 Mbps UL), SAE (System Architecture Evolution) and enhancement in HSPA + (42 Mbps DL)

Releas e8

Releas e9

Further LTE standardization, Femto-cells, HSPA + (82 Mbps DL, 20 Mbps UL).

Releas e 10

LTE Advance (1 Gbps DL, 100 Mbps UL)

CDMA2000
(Code Division Multiple Access 2000)

3G technology, successor of IS-95 (cdmaOne), standardized by 3GPP2 Access technique: CDMA (already in use for cdmaOne) Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz (already in use for cdmaOne) Provide data rate approx: 384 Kbps Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol) Transmission: PCM /ATM/IP

CDMA2000 Architecture

CDMA2000 Nodes

BTS :

Performs same functionality as in case of GSM/UMTS. Performs same functionality as in case of UMTS. Performs the same function as in case of GSM/UMTS. Responsible for routing the IP Packet between mobile and core network (like SGSN for GSM/UMTS)

BSC/RNC:

MSC:

PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node):

AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting):

Performs the authentication, authorization and accounting services

The home agent allows the roaming of its own subscribers in other networks.

HA (Home Agent):

CDMA2000 Interfaces

A3/A7 interface:

Interface between BTS and BSC A3 used for the establishing/removing the traffic connections (ATM/IP) A7 used for the signaling between the BTS and BSC and between the BSCs for soft handover.
Interface between the BSC and MSC A1 used of the signaling between the BSC and MSC A2 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and MSC (PCM E1) Interface between the BSC and PDSN A8 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and PDSN A9 used for the signaling between the BSC and PDSN

A1/A2 interface:

A8/A9 interface:

CDMA2000 Evolution
CDMA 2000 1x RTT (1 times Radio Transmission Technology.) Provide data rates approx: 144 Kbps to 384 Kbps (QPSK) Provide data rate approx: 2.5 Mbps DL and 150 Kbps in UL (16-QAM) Major enhancement in UL data rates. Provide data rate approx: 3.1 Mbps DL and 1.8 Mbps in UL (16-QAM).

EVDO Rel. 0

EVDO Rev. A

EVDO Rev. B

Provide data rate approx: 9.1 Mbps DL (64-QAM). Can support data rate approx: 46 Mbps using aggregate carriers
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). Provide data approx: 288 Mbps in DL and 75 Mbps in UL. Never commercially launched and select the 3GPPs LTE for evolution of CDMA2000

EVDO Rev. C

LTE
(Long Term Evolution)

Standardized by 3GPP in Rel.8 published in 2008-09 3GPP2 also selected LTE for the next evolution path for the CDMA2000 Introduce new access technology: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in DL and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in UL Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable) Modulation: 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Provide data rate approx: 100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL Transmission: All IP IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, all IP network, Provide services like VoIP, Interconnectivity with legacy systems, multimedia services, VOD, online gaming etc.

LTE Architecture

LTE Nodes

eNodeB:

The enhance version of base station/Node-B used in UMTS. e referred to as evolved Radio resource management is performed by eNodeB as there is no BSC/RNC in LTE architecture Handover between eNodeB Manage all signaling between the base stations and core networks. Authentication Handover between eNodeB Paging Interworking with other radio network: GSM/UMTS/CDMA2000 SMS and legacy (CS) voice support

MME (Mobility Management Entity):

LTE Nodes (Cont)

S-GW (Serving Gateway):

Manage the user data tunnels and switching between eNodeB and core network
Gateway to internet and IMS Assign the IPs to mobile In LTE the HLR (GSM/UMTS) referred to as HSS HLR (GSM/UMTS) and HSS (LTE) communicate with each other for seamless roaming between different radio technologies

P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

LTE Interfaces

X2 interface: Interface between the eNodeBs for seamless the handover S1-U Interface: Interface between eNodeB and S-GW S1-MME Interface: Interface between eNodeB and MME S11 Interface: Interface between S-GW and MME S5/S8 Interface: Interface between S-GW and P-GW

LTE Protocols

LTE Protocols (Cont)

Protocols highlighted in light colors are developed by 3GPP Protocols highlighted in dark colors are developed by IETF NAS (Non Access Stratum): Used for direct communication between the MS and MME (Mobility & Session Management) RRC (Radio Resource Control) : used for radio resource usage. UE signaling and data connection PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): used for IP header compression and encryption RLC (Radio Link Control): used for segmentation concatenation of PDCP data for radio transmission

LTE Protocols (Cont)

Physical (Layer 1): used to take care of OFDMA and SCFDMA S1AP (S1 Application Part): used to handle the MS CP and UP between the E-UTRAN and EPC SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): provide reliable transport and sequenced delivery function GTP-C (GPRS Tunneling Protocol-Control Plane): Manage the UP connections, data tunnels and QoS in the EPC UDP (Unit Data Protocol): Used with IP for fast communication (although unreliable). Often referred to Best Effort protocol IP (Internet Protocol): Can support/run on different data

LTE Technology summary

WiMax
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

3G technology, standardize by IEEE Also known as IEEE 802.16 standard IEEE 802.16d (Fixed WiMax), IEEE 802.16e (Mobile WiMax, WiMax 1.0), IEEE 802.16m (WiMax 2.0) Access Technology: OFDMA in both DL and UL Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable). Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO Provide data rate approx: 46 Mbps in DL and 4 Mbps in UL with mobility and 100 Mbps (DL) in fixed/Stationary Transmission: IP

WiMax Architecture

WiMax Nodes

BS (Base Station):

Connect MS to the network Frequency allocation Modulation/De-Modulation Performs the RRM Power control Inter BS Handover Mobility Management, authentication Paging, QoS Data flow management Control plane and User plane management Inter ASN-GW Handovers

ASN-GW (Access Service Network Gateway):

WiMax Nodes (Cont)

Routers

Routers connect the ASN with CSN nodes (Gateway, AAA and HA)
Used to connect with external network such as Internet IP address management Mobility Management between ASNs AAA for Authorization, Authentication and Accounting HA (Home Agent) connects and maintain the service while user is roaming between WiMax network

CSN (Connectivity Service Network)

WiMax Interfaces

Interfaces in WiMax are called Reference Points R R1 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN-GW. Handle both user traffic and control plane messages *R2 Interface: Interface between BS and AAA (CSN) for authorization, authentication and configuration management R3 Interface: Interface between the ASN and CSN R4 Interface: Interface between ASNs or ASN-GW. Handles the data control plan messages and mobility management for handover

WiMax Interfaces (Cont)

*R5 Interface: Interface between the two CSNs. R6 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN. Handle both data and control plane messages *R7 Interface: Optional Interface to handle the control plane messages between the any two functions R8 Interface: Interface between the BSs for seamless handover

WiMax Protocols

WiMax Protocols (Cont)

Layer 1: Physical

Responsible for the physical interface between nodes. OFDMA, 16-QAM or 64-QAM, MIMO
Divided in to three sub layers Privacy Sub Layer: Responsible for the encryption Common part Sub Layer: Responsible for the connection management , packing user data from upper layers and fits to the physical frame structure Convergence Sub Layer: Provide higher layer protocols (IP/ATM) a standard interface to deliver user data to layer 2

Layer 2: MAC (Media Access Control)

WiMax Technology summary

LTE vs. WiMax (Comparison)

Parameters Release Deployment Data Rates Coverage Power Efficiency Market Penetration LTE 2009 ~30 commercial network 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL Signal can reach 100 Km More power efficient than WiMax (SC-FDMA in UL) High, as 85% of cellular network used 3GPP technology WiMax 2005 ~500 commercial network 45 Mbps DL/ 4 Mbps Signal can reach 50 Km Less power efficient than LTE (OFDMA in UL) Low, 15% of cellular network used Non-3GPP technology

LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0

(Battle for the 4G)

LTE and WiMax are often labeled as 4G but do not fulfill the 4G requirements. ITU-R standardize the 4G specifications These specifications also known as IMT-Advance:

Max data rate for fixed access up to 1 Gbps

Max data rate for mobile access up to 100 Mbps

All IP architecture Scalable channel bandwidth

LTE-Advance and WiMax 2.0 (Mobile WiMax, 802.16m) aims to fulfill the IMT-advance requirements. Currently both are in research and design phase Competition scenario depends on the deployment region. In America, Sprint Nextel plans to offer 4G over Mobile WiMax whereas Verizon opts LTE for the 4G

LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0

(Cont)

LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0 (Cont)

Wireless Communication Market Update

GSM/EDGE (as of April, 2011)

545 Networks launched in 196 countries (Source: GSA)

100% of WCDMA implemented HSPA technology 424 HSPA Networks launched in 165 countries 211 HSPA+ Networks launched in 89 countries (Source: GSA) 35 Networks launched in 21 countries 185 Networks commitments in 66 countries (Source: GSA) 582 Networks in 150 countries (Source: WiMax Forum)

WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ (as of Oct , 2011)

LTE (as of Oct, 2011)

WiMax (as of May, 2011)

Wireless Communication Market Update (Cont)

Wireless Communication Market Update (Cont)

Wireless Communication Market in Pakistan

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Ufone, Telenor, Mobilink, Warid and Zong(2.5/2.75 G under cellular license) CDMA2000 Rev. A & Rev. B PTCL EVO and Nitro respectively (3G under WLL license) WiMax Qubee, Wi-Tribe, Wateen.(3G under WLL license) Efforts are being made for the 3G upgrade under new cellular license. (CAPEX) Upgrade from 2G to 3G required a complete hardware upgrade/installation on Access side (Base stations and BSC/RNC). (CAPEX) Most of the Core networks are already upgraded to support 3G requirements Pakistan Broadband Market is not mature enough to fully utilize the 3G benefits, Only 0.9 % of the population (1,654,517/180,000,000) using broadband service (Source: PTA)

Wireless Communication Market in Pakistan (Cont)

Pakistani mobile/cellular market is voice and SMS centric. As 62% of the population (111,126,434/180,000,000) using cellular Voice and SMS services (Source: PTA) Only 1.4% (1,654,517/111,126,434) of the cellular subscribers using the broadband services. Wired broadband solutions (DSL, FTTH) & WLL license technologies are fulfilling the current requirements for the fixed & wireless broadband requirements. Pakistani mobile broadband market will likely to be maturated in 2-3 years to fully utilize the 3G services. Mobile TV and Video conferencing services might increase the data requirements for the Pakistan market. LTE will be mature in two to three years which also require the complete hardware upgrades on access and core sides.

Cellular Market in Pakistan

Pakistan Cellular Subscribers (Source: PTA)
40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000

25,000,000
20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0

Mobilink Telenor Ufone Zong Warid Instaphone

Broadband Market in Pakistan

Pakistan Broadband Subscribers (Source: PTA)
800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 DSL EvDO WiMax FTTH HFC

References

www.4gamericas.com www.gsacom.com www.3gpp.com www.3gpp2.com www.wimaxforum.org www.pta.gov.pk

Further Wireless Communication Research Topics

Modulation Techniques in Wireless Communications (GMSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM etc) Multiple Access Techniques in Wireless Communications (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, BDMA etc) IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, All IP solution and services IEEE WLAN: IEEE 802.16.11 Wireless LAN, Wi-Fi IEEE ZigBee: IEEE 802.15.4, used for high speed PAN communication with low power. Blue Tooth: PAN devices communication UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access): Interface and handover b/w GSM and WLAN DVB-H(Digital Video Broadband Handheld): Broad cast services to mobile handset

Questions/Queri es