Petrophysical Analysis of Fluid

Substitution in Gas Bearing Reservoirs

to Define Velocity Profiles Application
of Gassmann and Krief Models
Digital Formation, Inc.

November 2003
Title
Contents
Benefits
Introduction
Gassmann Equation in Shaley Formation
Wyllie Time Series Equation
Linking Gassmann to Wyllie
Adding a gas term to Wyllie Equation
Krief Equation
Examples
Conclusions
Benefits Seismic
Reliable compressional and shear curves even if
no acoustic data exists.
Quantify velocity slowing due to presence of gas.
Full spectrum of fluid substitution analysis.
Reliable mechanical properties, Vp/Vs ratios.
Reliable synthetics.
Does not involve neural network or empirical
correlations.
Benefits Petrophysics
Verifies consistency of petrophysical
model.
Ability to create reconstructed porosity logs
using deterministic approaches.
Benefits Engineering
Reliable mechanical property profiles for
drilling and stimulation design.
Does not rely on empirical correlations, or
neural network curve generation, for
mechanical properties.
Introduction
A critical link between petrophysics and seismic
interpretation is the influence of fluid content on
acoustic and density properties.
Presented are two techniques which rigorously
solve compressional and shear acoustic responses
in the entire range of rock types, and assuming
different fluid contents.

Gassmann Equation in
Shaley Formation I
The Gassmann equation accounts for the slowing of acoustic
compressional energy in the formation in the presence of gas.
There is no standard petrophysical analysis that accounts for the
Gassmann response and incorporates the effect in acoustic equations
(e.g. Wyllie Time-Series).
Terms in the Gassmann equation:
M = Elastic modulus of the porous fluid filled rock
M
erf
= Elastic modulus of the empty rock frame
B
erf
= Bulk modulus of the empty rock frame
B
solid
= Bulk modulus of the rock matrix and shale
B
fl
= Bulk modulus of the fluid in pores and in clay porosity
u
T
= Total Porosity

B
= Bulk density of the rock fluid and shale combination
V
p
= Compressional wave velocity
Gassmann Equation in
Shaley Formation II
In shaley formation, adjustments need to be made
to several of the Gassmann equation terms,
including porosity and bulk modulus of the solid
components.
This allows a rigorous solution to Gassmann
through the full range of shaley formations.
Estimates of shear acoustic response are made
using a Krief model analogy.

Wyllie Time Series Equation
In the approach presented here, we have solved
the Gassmann equation in petrophysical terms,
and defined a gas term for the Wyllie Time-Series
equation that rigorously accounts for gas.
Original Time-Series equation:
( )
fl e ma e
t t t A u + A u = A 1
At = Travel time = 1/V
At
ma
= Travel time in matrix
At
fl
= Travel time in fluid
Matrix
Contribution
Fluid
Contribution
Linking Gassmann to Wyllie
Calculate At values from Gassmann using fluid
substitution
Liquid filled i.e. Gas saturation S
g
=0
Gas filled assuming remote (far from wellbore) gas S
g
Gas filled assuming a constant S
g
of 80%
From At values, calculate effective fluid travel times (At
fl
)
Knowing mix of water and gas, determine effective travel
time of gas (At
gas
)
Relate At values to gas saturation, bulk volume gas
Gassmann S
g
vs. Ratio of Dt
gas
to Dt
wet
Color coding
refers to porosity
bins
Gassmann Bulk Volume Gas vs.
Ratio Dt
gas
to Dt
wet
Color coding
refers to porosity
bins
Gassmann Bulk Volume Gas
vs. Dt
gas
C
1
Hyperbola = C
3
C
2
Adding a Gas Term to Wyllie Equation
Gas term involves C
1
, C
2
and C
3
(constants)
Equation reduces to traditional Wyllie equation when S
g
=0
If gas is present, but has not been determined from other
logs, the acoustic cannot be used to determine reliable
porosity values.
| |
ma
e ma water w
e
t
t Gas Term t t S

A
A = u + A + A
`
u
)
Gas
Contribution
Matrix
Contribution
Water
Contribution
Krief Equation Part I
Krief has developed a model that is analogous to
Gassmann, but also extends interpretations into the shear
realm. We have similarly adapted these equations to
petrophysics.
V
p
= Compressional wave velocity
V
S
= Shear wave velocity

B
= Bulk density of the rock fluids and matrix and shale
= Shear modulus
K = Elastic modulus of the shaley porous fluid filled rock
K
S
= Elastic modulus of the shaley formation
K
f
= Elastic modulus of the fluid in pores
|
b
= Biot compressibility constant
M
b
= Biot coefficient
u
T
= Total Porosity
Krief Equation Part II
The Krief analysis gives significantly different results from
Gassmann, in fast velocity systems (less change in velocity
in the presence of gas as compared with Gassmann).
In slow velocity systems (high porosity, unconsolidated
rocks), the two models give closely comparable results.
Examples
Slow Rocks
Gassmann DTP
Krief DTP
Krief DTP & DTS
Fast Rocks
Gassmann DTP
Krief DTP
Carbonates
Gassmann DTP
Krief DTP
Fast Rocks
Gassmann DTP & DTS
Krief DTP & DTS
In all of these examples, the
pseudo acoustic logs are
derived from a reservoir
model of porosity, matrix,
clay and fluids.
There is no information
from existing acoustic logs
in these calculations.
On all plots, porosity scale
is 0 to 40%, increasing right
to left.
Slow Rocks Gassmann DTP
Compressional shows
significant
slowing due
to gas
Slow Rocks Krief DTP
Compressional shows
significant
slowing due
to gas
Slow Rocks Krief DTP & DTS
Compressional shows
very good comparison
Ratio and Shear
shows fair to
good comparison
Fast Rocks Gassmann DTP
Actual compressional
meanders between
wet and remote
Noticeable
slowing due to gas
Fast Rocks Krief DTP
Actual compressional
superimposes
on both wet and
remote
Negligible
slowing due to gas
Carbonates Gassmann DTP
Compressional
shows slight
slowing due to gas
Carbonates Krief DTP
Compressional shows
negligible
slowing due to gas
Fast Rocks Gassmann DTP/DTS
Good comparison
with actual Shear
Ratio shows
slight slowing
due to gas
Fast Rocks Krief DTP/DTS
Good comparison
with actual Shear
Ratio shows
negligible
slowing due to gas
Conclusions Part I
Pseudo acoustic logs (both compressional and shear) can
be created using any combination of water, oil and gas,
using either Gassmanns or Kriefs equations for clean and
the full range of shaley formations.
Comparison with actual acoustic log will show whether or
not the acoustic log sees gas or not gives information
on invasion profile.
Pseudo acoustic logs can be created even if no source
acoustic log is available.
Data from either model can be incorporated into the Wyllie
Time Series equation to rigorously account for gas.
Conclusions Part II
Interpretation yields better input to create synthetic
seismograms and for rock mechanical properties.
Methodology allows for detailed comparisons among well
log response, drilling information, mud logs, well test data
and seismic.
In fast velocity rocks and in the presence of gas, the Krief
model predicts less slowing effect than Gassmann.
In slow velocity gas-bearing rocks, both models give
closely comparable results.
The techniques have been applied successfully to both
clastic and carbonate reservoirs throughout North America.