HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

For internal use 1 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Agenda
-> Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

What is HSDPA ?
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet swithed DL data service in WCDMA with data rate up to 10Mbps over a 5MHz Bandwidth 3GPP Rel5 specifications Builds on distributed architecture that gives Node-B more control when to transmit, to which terminal to transmit and also to handle the retransmission Nokia RAN05 feature Improvements and new functionalities coming in RAN05.1 and in RAN06

Why HSDPA?
Improved cell throughput maximum user throughput round trip time spectral efficiency

HSDPA Peak Data Rates

# of codes
5 codes 5 codes 10 codes 15 codes 15 codes

Modulation
QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM

Max L1 data rate

1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.1 Mbps 14.0 Mbps

Max RLC data rate

1.6 Mbps 3.36 Mbps 6.72 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 13.3 Mbps

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

15 codes, MIMO 15 codes, MIMO?

16-QAM 64-QAM

28.0 Mbps

26.6 Mbps

3GPP R7
3GPP R7

HSDPA TX-power
Power measurements from the Node-B to the RNC
Total transmitted carrier power

Max power Power control head-room PtxTarget HSDPA NRT

NEW non-HSDPA power measurements

Controllable power
DCH NRT

DCH RT In addition to power also code resource shared!

Non-controllable power
Common channels

Agenda
Introduction -> General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

HSDPA key characteristics (1)

Included in HSDPA AMC Enhanced in HSDPA Excluded from HSDPA

Multi-code operation SHO

H-ARQ Basic WCDMA Technology TTI = 2 ms PC

Variable SF
Advanced PS

HSDPA key characteristics (2)

The physical layer retransmission (ARQ function) R99: RNC-based ARQ HSDPA: Node-B based fast H-ARQ Packet scheduling R99: RNC-based HSDPA: NodeB-based Power control R99: Fast PC HSDPA: Link adaptation function and AMC (adaptive modulation and coding)

Good spectral efficiency HSDPA: up to 15 multi-codes in parallel.

Downlink Code Allocation

HSDPA with 5 codes allocated at cell MAC-hs start-up when HSDPA is enabled Code allocation is dynamic in future releases when more than 5 codes are allocated
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16 SF = 32 SF = 64 SF = 128 SF = 256

Codes for 5 HS-PDSCH's Code for one HS-SCCH Codes for the cell common channels

166 codes @ SF=256 available for the associated DCHs and non-HSDPA uses

New features
Shared channel transmission HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) Supports up to 15 codes parallel Fixed spreading factor (16) Works in parallel to DCH

(1/2)

Higher-order modulation QPSK 16-QAM

Short transmission time interval (TTI) Dynamic channel code allocation interval of 2 ms

New features
Fast link adaptation Adjusts transmission parameters not TX
power! Users near Node B: QPSK 16-QAM (for example)

(2/2)

Fast scheduling Allocates the use of shared channel to

UEs with best radio conditions at certain time moment (Multi User Diversity) Scheduling is done at Node-B instead of RNC

Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ) Request and retransmit missing data (UE
Node-B) Combine information from original transmission (Soft Combining) Signalling with ACKs and NACKs

HSDPA Operating Prinicple

R99-DCH
BTS Tx pwr

HSDPA - General Principle

HSDPA
BTS Tx pwr

Tx power varies according to channel quality (BLER)

Throughput

Tx power for HSDPA is constant

Channel quality (CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC

Data
#channelisation Codes per UE #channelisation Codes per UE Throughput

Throughput is maintained

8 6 4

Only 1 variable SF code used per user

0-15 codes of SF16 used based on channel quality and UE/network capability

Throughput varies according to channel quality

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features -> Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

Key Architectural Change

The PDCP, RLC and MAC-d layers are unchanged from the Release '99 and Release 4 architecture The new functionalities of hybrid ARQ and scheduling/priority handling are included in the MAC layer In the UTRAN side, these functions are included in a new entity called MAC-hs, which is located in the BTS A new type of transport channel, the HS-DSCH, is introduced for HSDPA It is controlled by the MAC-hs.
RNC Node B
PDCP

RRM
AC PS LC RM HC RLC MAC

O&M

MAC-hs FP Transport FP Transport WCDMA L1

Affected by HSDPA
Not affected by HSDPA

New entity for HSDPA

Iub

HSDPA Protocol Architecture

New MAC entity, MAC-hs added to the Node B RNC still retains the RLC functionalities

UE NAS RLC MAC-d MAC-hs WCDMA L1

Node B

SRNC RLC MAC-d FRAME PROTOCOL TRANSPORT

Iu

MAC-hs WCDMA L1

FRAME PROTOCOL TRANSPORT

Uu

Iub/Iur

HSDPA user plane

HSDPA Protocol Stack incl. PS Core NW

Uu Iub SRNC PDCP RLC Node B MAC -hs HS-DSCH FP AAL2 WCDMA L1 WCDMA L1 ATM PHY MAC -d HS-DSCH FP AAL2 ATM PHY IP AAL5 ATM PHY IP AAL5 ATM PHY GTP -U UDP Iu-PS

UE User IP data PDCP RLC MAC -d MAC -hs

CN User IP data GTP -U UDP

HSDPA impact on RAN

Additional intelligence (HSDPA MAC MAC hs) is installed at the NodeB.
Retransmission controlled by the NodeB leads to faster execution and shorter delay in case of retransmissions. The Iub interface (NodeB-RNC) requires a flow control mechanism to ensure that NodeB buffers are used properly and there is no buffer overflow.
Packet Packet
RLC ACK/NACK L1 ACK/NACK

R99 DCH / DSCH

R5 HS-DSCH

New Node B functionality for HSDPA

RNC Node B Terminals
ARQ &
Coding ACK/NACK & Feedback Decoding

Packets

Scheduler
& Buffer

Flow Control

New Node B functions:

Scheduler: Terminal scheduling, Coding & Modulation selection (16QAM as new modulation) ARQ Retransmissions Handling Uplink Feedback Decoding Flow Control towards SRNC

New terminal functionality for HSDPA

RNC Node B Terminal
ARQ Decoding Soft Buffer & Combining ACK/NACK & Feedback Generation

Packets

Flow Control
New terminal functions: 16 QAM demodulation ARQ Retransmissions Handling Soft buffer & combining Fast Uplink Feedback Generation & encoding Initial HSDPA terminals are data cards without voice capability

Sub frame Structure

WCDMA : 10ms frame (15 slots)

HSDPA: 2ms (3slots) -> Subframe

slot#0

slot#1

slot#2

HSDPA subframe (2 ms)

Quick Snapshot: Changes Introduced by HSDPA

Shorter radio frame ( 2ms TTI) Use of 16QAM modulation in addition to QPSK modulation Code multiplexing combined with time multiplexing New Channels in DL and UL Use of hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ) MAC-hs functionality in Node-B

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN -> Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle Cell Change order

Link adaptation: Modulation

Q 1011 10 00 1010 I 1110 11 01 1111 1101 0101 0111 1100 0100 0110 1000 0000 0010 I 1001 Q 0001 0011

QPSK 2 bits / symbol = 480 kbit/s/HS-PDSCH = max. 7.2 Mbit/s

16QAM 4 bits / symbol = 960 kbps/HS-PDSCH = max. 14.4 Mbit/s

Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA

16 C/I received by UE 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
0 20

Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

C/I varies with fading

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

16QAM3/4 16QAM2/4 QPSK3/4 QPSK2/4 QPSK1/4

Time [number of TTIs]

Link adaptation mode BTS adjusts link adaptation mode with a few ms delay based on channel quality reports from the UE

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation -> HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

New Channels on Air-Interface introduced for HSDPA UE

HS-SCCH
per cell

Node-B

1 2 3 4 5

HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH

per user

Associated DPCH UL: 1 DPDCH & 1 DPCCH Associated DPCH DL: 1 DPDCH & 1 DPCCH

1 HS-SCCH: High speed shared control channel. It indicates the recipient UE Id, modulation, number of codes, relevant HARQ info. 1 HS-SCCH per cell in case of no code multiplexing. 2 HS-PDSCH: High speed physical downlink shared channel. Carries a variable amount of user data, for a single user in case of no code multiplexing. 3 HS-DPCCH: High speed dedicated physical control channel. Used by the UE to send ACK / NACK and CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) 4 Associated DPCH UL: DCH channel used to send UL user data, e.g. RLC and TCP ACKs, HTTP requests etc. 5 Associated DPCH DL: DCH channel used to transmit power control information for the UL associated DCH and other potentially needed signalling (e.g. bearer reconfgurations etc.)

HSDPA Channels Transport Channel

HS-DSCH
WCDMA System normally operates on DCH which brings maximum system performance with continuous data. HSDPA introduces new transport channel, HS-DSCH, which makes efficient use of radio resources and takes into account bursty packet data

HS-DSCH shares multiple codes among several users

Time Multiplexing in HSDPA

HSDPA Physical Channels

(1/4)

HSDPA channels Physical Channel

(2/4)

HS-PDSCH (High Speed DL Shared Channel) Carries the user data in the DL. Higher modulation scheme (16QAM), lower encoding redundancy leading to high peak data rates. TTI (Transmission Time Interval), interleaving period = 2 ms (In R99, TTI = 10/20/40/80 ms). Fixed SF (16), support multi-code transmission, as well as multiplexing of different users (15 maximum capability, depends on the UE category: 5/10/15). Users check the information on the HS-SCCH to determine which HSDSCH codes to despread. HS-PDSCH has always DL DPCH associated (signal radio bearer for layer 3 signaling, power control command for UL HS-DPCCH, etc.)

HSDPA Channels- physical channels

(3/4)

HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel) Carries the information needed for HS-DSCH demodulation If there is no data on HS-DSCH, HS-SCCH is not assigned. The HS-SCCH uses SF 128, accomodating 40 bits per slot. Each HS-SCCH block has a threeslot duration divided into 2 functional parts:
First part (first slot) carries the time-crucial information needed to start the
demudaltion process in due time: HS-DSCH codes, indication if QPSK or 16QAM modulation is used on HS-DSCH. Second part (next two slots) contains CRC (cyclic redundancy check) for checking HS-SCCH, ARQ process number, redundancy version.

HSDPA Channels - physical channels

(4/4)

HS-DPCCH (UL High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel) Carries ACK/NACK information for the L1 retransmissions. Carries CQI (DL Channel Quality Indicator) to be used by NodeB scheduler to determine to which terminal to transmit and at which rate.

Intensively discussed in the 3GPP forum, feedback method is not

easy to be standardized due to differences in the terminals.

CQI Reporting from UE

UE should report the CQI for which the BLER probability would not exceed 10% on HS-DSCH in measured condition (PCPICH + G). Algorithm to calculate CQI value is not specified by 3GPP.

CQI reporting can have UE specific

differences.

TS25.214 says : Based on an unrestricted observation interval, the UE shall report the highest tabulated CQI value for which a single HS-DSCH sub-frame formatted with the transport block size, number of HS-PDSCH codes and modulation corresponding to the reported or lower CQI value could be received in a 3-slot reference period ending 1 slot before the start of the first slot in which the reported CQI value is transmitted and for which the transport block error probability would not exceed 0.1.

CQI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

TBS 137 173 233 317 377 461 650 792 931 1262 1483 1742 2279 2583 3319 3565 4189 4664 5287 5887 6554 7168 7168 7168 7168 7168 7168 7168 7168 7168

codes 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

M QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM

D (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure -> HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

Stop and Wait Protocol (SAW)

Transmission of new blocks is stopped until and ACK/NACK is received

Minimal protocol overhead (no sequence numbers needed) Reduced storage requirements at UE Problem: Channel is unused until ACK/NACK is received

N Channel Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

H-ARQ principles (1)

Fast H-ARQ algorithm rapidly requests the retransmission of missing data entities. Retransmitted data entities are soft combined with the original transmission before message decoding. Since, the H-ARQ mechanism resides in the NodeB (MAChs), requests can be done immediatly. This way, probability of successful combining is increased. If all data is correctly decoded, the ACK message is sent on the associated UL channel (HS-DPCCH). H-ARQ requires some memory in the UE to buffer the soft information. Two strategies of H-ARQ:
IR (incremental redundancy) CC (chase combining)

H-ARQ principles (2)

The idea of the CC is to transmit the same packet again Receiver combines these two copies prior to decding The idea of the IR is to transmit additional redundant information that is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the first attempt. Causes increase of the effective coding gain with the number of retransmissions. Full IR (inlcudes parity bits in every coded word) requires significant UE memory capabilities.

H-ARQ
HARQ is one of the most important features in HSDPA concept to enhance the packet data transmission capability of WCDMA system It controls the packet retransmission on layer 1 level to reduce the retransmission delay There is one HARQ entity per UE in UTRAN side Each HARQ entity consists of several HARQ processes (i.e. the so called SAW channels)
HS-DSCH Physical Layer Category Number of HARQ Processes 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 NIR(in bits) 9600 14400 9600 12800 9600 11200 19200 22400 28800 28800 4800 4800

A number of parallel HARQ processes are established at

the same time to support the HARQ protocol

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category7 Category8 Category9 Category10 Category 11 Category 12

The number of HARQ processes is determined by MAChs as shown in table on the right

MAC-hs gets the HS-DSCH Physical Layer Category

information in the NBAP: RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST message or the NBAP: RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION PREPARE message

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle -> HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility

HSDPA Operating Prinicple

HSDPA Peak Bit Rates

Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 2/4 16QAM 3/4 4/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

RAN05 RAN05.1

UE categories
12 different UE categories Possible receiver types Rake, Equalizer, 2-Equalizer

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14 Mbps 1.8 Mbps and 3.6 Mbps capability expected initially
UE Category 11 12 1/2 3/4 5/6 Modulation QPSK only QPSK only QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM Inter-TTI 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 Transport Block size 3630 3630 7298 7298 7298 14411 20251 27952 5 Codes 0.9 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 10 Codes 15 Codes 10.1 Mbps 14.0 Mbps

7/8
9 10

7.2 Mbps
-

(First one has smaller HARQ memory.)

Inter-TTI interval
Inter-TTI interval: Number of sub frames between transmissions to a UE
Data DTX DTX Data DTX

Inter-TTI = 3

Data

DTX

Data

DTX

Data

Inter-TTI = 2

HSDPA Cell throughput

Simulated cell 1320 kbps throughput with mixed HSDPA and Rel.99 traffic. 21% Gain 5 codes assumed. 1090 kbps Pedestrian 43% Gain propagation channel.
780 kbps

HSDPA: N.A.
DCH: 780 kbps No HSDPA

HSDPA: 670 kbps DCH: 410 kbps HSDPA 16QAM RR scheduling

HSDPA: 910 kbps

DCH: 410 kbps

HSDPA 16QAM PF scheduling

Packet Scheduling in HSDPA

Reasons why UE sometimes cannot be scheduled: Some UEs do not support reception in consecutive TTIs. BTS cannot receive Ack/Nack because of poor uplink quality. All HARQ processes of UE are full and next transmission would be a new one.

2nd TTI 3rd TTI 1st TTI

Some Scheduler Types

Round-Robin (RR) = Fair Resource (FR) UE in front of queue is scheduled, then moved to back of queue. Each UE gets same amount of resources. The throughput depends on its link conditions. Simple. Used in RAS05 Fair Throughput (FT) Each UE gets same throughput. UE in bad conditions has to be given more resources. Cell capacity is bad. Proportional Fair Resource (P-FR) UE with best radio condition is chosen On short time-scale, different UEs get different resources. On medium time-scale, similar fairness to Round-Robin. Implemented in RAN05.1
Maximum Throughput (M-TP) The UE with the highest instantaneous throughput is chosen. Average throughput and cell capacity maximised. Lots of UEs get zero throughput. Not fair among queues on short or even medium time-scale.

Proportional Fair Idea (RAS05.1)

Channel quality (CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) Data
WBTS scheduling operates at 2ms rate and can utilize information on the instantanous channel conditions for each user

UE1
Multi-user selection diversity (give shared channel to best user) Channel quality (CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) Data

TTI 1

TTI 2

TTI 3

TTI 4 Scheduled user

UE2

USER 2 Es/N0

USER 1 Es/N0

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling -> HSDPA Mobility

HSDPA mobility in RAS05

Serving Cell Change switches the user from HS-DSCH to Cell_FACH then back to HSDSCH

Cell A Service in HSDPA

Switching to Cell_FACH within the SHO area

Cell B UE on HSDSCH

HS-DSCH coverage
Throughput
HSDPA

HS-DSCH coverage

DCH

128kbps or 384kbps according to parameter settings 64kbps

Details on Cell Change via cell-FACH

HSDPA Serving Cell Change via Cell-FACH feature is used only in intra frequency
handover cases, in case of IFHO or ISHO the original DCH switching procedures are used If the user was moved to Cell-FACH because of intra frequency handover no HSDPA user penalty timers are used on Cell-FACH, the user will be immediately switched to a new HSDPA connection when there is a data volume request either from the UE or RNC If the user was moved to Cell-FACH because of low throughput then the HSDPA user penalty timers are used on Cell-FACH If the HSDPA user moves to non-HSDPA cell, the user in HO area will be moved to Cell-FACH. The user will be immediately switched to the DCH of the requested bit rate when there is a data volume request either from the UE or RNC (no need for first DCH0/0 DCH Initial bit rate DCH Final bit rate) In RAS05, UE goes to cell_FACH in the current serving cell. Possible cell reselection to best server happens in cell_FACH.

Improved HS-DSCH to cell_FACH switching

Target cell (cell with best CPICH Ec/No in the measurement set) informed in the RB reconfiguration message, when UE is commanded to cell_FACH There is no need for cell reselection in cell_FACH, as the UE goes directly to strongest cell in cell_FACH.
Scrambling code of the strongest cell in the measured set informed to UE.

Establishment of HSDPA Call

UE Node B RNC SGSN PDP Established

Measurement Report: e4a

NBAP: Radio Link Reconfigure Prepare

Radio Link Reconfigure Ready AAL2SIG:ERQ AAL2SIG:ECF AAL2SIG:ERQ AAL2SIG:ECF FP: Downlink Sync FP: Uplink Sync FP: Downlink Sync FP: Uplink Sync Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration (DCH) RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete (DCH) Measurement Control HS-DSCH: Capacity Request HS-DSCH: Capacity Allocation

HSDPA Traffic

Mobility in RAS05.1
RAS05.1 provides full intra-frequency mobility for HSDPA users and enables HSDPA also in SHO region
1. 2. 3. Intra Node-B serving HS-DSCH cell change Inter Node-B serving HS-DSCH cell change HS-DSCH to DCH switch (needed if the UE is moving to a cell without HSDPA support)

HSDPA capable cell HSDPA not supported

HSDPA Handover UL/DL DCH = soft/softer HO ; DL HS-DSCH = serving cell change

Agenda
Introduction General Principal HSDPA Key Characteristics, New Features Architectural Changes, Impact on RAN Link Adaptation HSDPA Channel Structure HARQ Principle HSDPA Operating Principle Packet Scheduling HSDPA Mobility -> Measurement Results

32-B Ping Measurements Average Round Trip Time 78 ms

Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=73ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=84ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=73ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=73ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=74ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=83ms TTL=126

Round trip time 71-84 ms

Round trip time
100 90 80 70 60

Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=71ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=82ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=72ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=82ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=71ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=81ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=81ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=73ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=82ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=72ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=82ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=71ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=81ms TTL=126 Reply from 10.20.143.10: bytes=32 time=71ms TTL=126

[ms]

50 40 30 20 10 0 1 Samples

Multiuser Capacity Sharing Works

1800 1600 1400 1200 Total cell throughput User throughput

Total cell throughput remains constant regardless of the number of simultaneous users

kbps

1000 800 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 Number of users 4 16

Throughput per user decreases when more users download data (as expected)

Throughput in Low Signal Power in the Field

1800 1600 1400 1200

6 W HSDPA power assumed

700-900 kbps at RSCP = 108 dBm level

kbps

1000 800 600 400 200 0 -94 -96 -98 -100 -102 RSCP [dBm] -104 -106 -108 -110

Simulated flat fading UE noise -101 dBm Measured Option Simulated flat fading UE noise -99 dBm Measured Novatel