Lesson 5

CDMA Technology Overview
Lesson 5 Power Control, Registration, and Handoffs
February, 2001 - Page 4-1
Power Control
CDMA Power Control

CDMA is an interference-limited system based on the number of users Unlike AMPS/TDMA, CDMA has a soft capacity limit
Each user is a noise source on the shared channel The noise contributed by users is cumulative This creates a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain
Precise power control of the mobile stations is critical if we want to

Maximize system capacity
Increase battery life of the mobile stations
The goal is to keep each mobile station at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality
Ideally the power received at the base station from each mobile station
should be the same (minimum signal to interference)
Mobile stations which transmit excessive power increase interference to

other mobile stations
CDMA Technology Overview February, 2001 - Page 4-3
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
BTS BTS
Mobile
BTS
The Themobile mobilestation stationmakes makesa acoarse coarseinitial initialestimation estimationof ofthe therequired requiredtransmit transmit power, based upon the total received power. power, based upon the total received power. Problems Problemswith withReverse ReverseOpen OpenLoop LoopPower PowerControl: Control:
Assumes Assumessame sameexact exactpath pathloss lossin inboth bothdirections; directions;therefore, therefore,cannot cannot account for asymmetrical path loss account for asymmetrical path loss Estimates Estimatesare arebased basedon ontotal totalpower powerreceived; received;therefore thereforethe thepower powerreceived received from other cell sites by mobile station introduces inaccuracies from other cell sites by mobile station introduces inaccuracies
Estimated Reverse Open Loop Output Power

Power output level for the initial probe during open loop probing on the Access Channel (with closed loop correction inactive):
mean output power (dBm) = - mean power input (dBm) +K + NOM_PWR - 16 x NOM_PWR_EXT + INIT_PWR
Subsequent probes in the sequence are sent at increased power levels (each probe is incremented by a value equal to the parameter PWR_STEP)
The turn around constant K is calculated assuming a nominal cell Effective Radiation Power (ERP) of 5 W and a nominal cell loading of 50%. Its value is -73 for cellular systems and -76 for PCS systems
Estimated Reverse Open Loop Output Power

Power output level for the initial transmission on the Reverse Traffic Channel: mean output power (dBm) = - mean power input (dBm) +K + NOM_PWR - 16 x NOM_PWR_EXT + INIT_PWR + the sum of all access probe corrections (dB)
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Mobile
BTS
or
Signal Strength Measurement
Setpoint
Compensates for asymmetries between the forward and reverse paths Consists of power up (0) and power down (1) commands sent to the mobile stations, based upon their signal strength, measured at the Base Station and compared to a specified threshold (setpoint) Each command requests a 1dB increment or decrement of the mobile station transmit power Transmitted 800 times per second, always at full power Allows to compensate for the effects of fast fading
Power Output Estimations (Summary)

Open Loop Probing on the Acces s Channel Revers e Traffic Channel Initial transm is sion After Fir st Powe r Control Bit Has Been Received
Based on:
1. m ean input pow er measured at mobile station 2. access par am eters provided by the base station (Subsequent probe s are adjuste d by acce ss par am ete rs provided by the base station)
Based on:
1. me an input powe r measured at mobile station 2. access par am eters provided by the base station 3. sum of all the access probe adjustme nts
Based on:
1. me an input powe r measured at mobile station 2. access par am eters provided by the base station 3. sum of all the access probe adjustme nts 4. sum of all the pow er control bits re ceived
The mea n input power is defined as the power received a t the mobile station for the 1.25 MHz RF channel bandwidth being used The access parameter va lues can vary be tween base stations They accommodate differing forward power levels and antenna gains They are specified in theAccess Parameters Message, sent o ver the Paging channel
Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Setpoint
Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Not part of IS-95A or J-STD-008. Most gradual form of reverse link error control Setpoint is varied according to the FER on the Reverse Traffic Channel (determined at the Base Station Controller) Sampled at a rate of 50 frames per second (20 ms / frame) Setpoint adjusted every 1-2 seconds
Forward Traffic Channel Power Control
Mobile
BTS
BSC
Adjust Fwd. power
FER
Forward Link Power Control
The base station slowly decreases power to each mobile station As the FER (determined at the mobile station) increases, the mobile station requests a Forward Traffic Channel power increase
Summary of All Power Control Mechanisms
Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Adjust Fwd. power Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Setpoint
FER
Forward Link Power Control
All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption at the mobile stations, and increases the overall capacity of the system transmit power
Registration
Roaming
SID = 4 NID = 0 SID = 2
NID = 7
NID =3
Home SID/NID List
(2, 3) (2, 0) (3, 1)

SID Roaming Roaming Status NID Roaming Not Roaming
A mobile station may be in any of the following roaming states: Home: mobile station is at its home location (not roaming) NID roaming: mobile station is within a foreign NID but in the home SID SID roaming: mobile station is within a foreign SID A mobile station maintains a list of one or more home pairs These are SID/NID combinations defining the mobile stations home location They are stored in semi-permanent memory The identity of current SID/NID is contained in the System Parameters Message (sent on the Paging Channel)
HLR & VLR
HLR
Contains permanent subscriber data provisioning information service information features available to the subscriber Contains dynamic information mobile stations current location Supports call routing Queried by the MTX when subscriber information is needed, regardless of the mobile stations current location
VLR
Stores a subset of the HLR information pertaining to the mobile stations currently registered in the VLRs service area
CDMA Registration
Registration is the means by which a mobile station notifies the cellular system of its location, status, identification, and other characteristics Balance is required between paging and registration
Infrequent registration results in a high rate of paging Frequent registration places a high load on access channels
Proper system design allows a base station to efficiently page the mobile station when establishing a mobile-terminated call Registration also provides
The mobile stations SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX and SLOTTED_MODE The mobile station class mark and protocol revision number so that
the base station will know the mobile stations capabilities Two types of mobile registration
Non-Autonomous: explicitly requested by the base station, or implied

based on other types of messages received by the mobile station
Autonomous: triggered by some event other than the reception of an

explicit or implicit request from the base station
Forms of CDMA Registration

Power-up registration Power-down registration
Autonomous Registration
Timer-based registration
Zone-based registration
Distance-based registration Parameter-change registration
Non-Autonomous Registration
Implicit registration Ordered registration Traffic channel registration
All types of registration can be enabled or disabled by means of the System Parameters Message
Registration Types NOT Supported by Nortel
Power-Up Registration
ON
Access Channel
Mobile station registers when Directed to power-on by the user Switched to an alternate serving system Switched from using an analog system Delays 20 seconds Preventing multiple registrations whenever power is quickly turned on and off
Power-Down Registration
OFF
Access Channel
Mobile station registers when directed to power-down by the user Mobile station will not power down until attempt is completed Mobile station will not do power down registration if Not registered in the current system Prevents unnecessary attempts to reach a user Can be unreliable (v.gr., user powers down in garage)
Timer-Based Registration
Access Channel
Mobile station registers when a timer expires Registration period is determined by the base station Allows system to de-register mobile stations that fail to register on power-down
Distance-Based Registration
Paging Channel Access Channel
BS-1 BS-2 b BS-3 c d Idle Handoff
a Idle Handoff
Mobile Station MS registers whenever it does an Idle Handoff (handoff when not in a call) into a cell which lays outside a circle with REG_DIST radius and centered at the base station where MS last registered At position a MS registers with Base Station BS-1. BS-1 transmits its latitude and
longitude, and the REG_DIST parameter on its paging channel At position b MS does an idle handoff into BS-2 and reads the latitude and longitude of this base station. MS then calculates the distance between BS-2 and BS-1, and if the result is less than REG_DIST it does not have to re-register At position c MS is still listening to BS-2 (no need to re-register yet) At position d MS does an idle handoff into BS-3. MS reads the latitude and longitude of BS-3 and calculates the distance between BS-3 and BS-1. As this distance exceeds REG_DIST, MS re-registers
Zone-Based Registration
2 3 4 5
NOTE: These are registration zones, not TMSI zones!
The mobile station registers when it enters a new zone A zone is a subset of the base stations within a network The mobile station keeps a list of the zones where it has registered, up to a maximum determined by the base station Each zone is uniquely identified by the registration zone number parameter (REG_ZONE) plus the SID and the NID to which it belongs The mobile station activates a timer for every zone where it has registered, except the active one, and de-registers when the timer expires The mobile station will not re-register if it enters a zone which is already in its list
Parameter-Change Registration
SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX SLOTTED_MODE MOB_TERM_HOME etc.
Access Channel
The mobile station registers after it modifies any of the following parameters (stored in the mobile station): the preferred slot cycle index the slotted mode indicator the call termination enabled indicators or the following capabilities supported by the mobile station: the band classes the power classes the rates the operating modes
Implicit Registration
Access Channel
Occurs when the mobile station and base station exchange messages not directly related to registration Messaging conveys sufficient information to identify mobile station and its location Considered successful whenever mobile station sends an Origination Message or Page Response Message Compatible with AMPS and IS-54 methods Effectiveness considered adequate to preclude use of ordered registration
Ordered and Traffic Channel Registration
Ordered Registration Allows the base station to order a mobile station to register mobile station can be idle or in an active call Traffic Channel Registration Allows the base station to obtain registration information about a mobile station that has been assigned to a Traffic Channel Information exchange occurs on the Traffic Channel Suggested use is on inter-system handoffs Neither one is supported by Nortels CDMA system
Paging Channel Access Channel Forward Traffic Channel Reverse Traffic Channel
Handoffs
What is Ec/Io?
Ec/Io Measures the strength of the pilot Foretells the readability of the associated traffic channels Guides soft handoff decisions Is digitally derived as the ratio of good to total energy seen by the search correlator at the desired PN offset Never appears higher than Pilots percentage of serving cells transmitted energy Can be degraded by strong RF from other cells, sectors Can be degraded by noise
-25 -15 -10
Ec/Io
dB
Ec
Io
Energy of desired pilot alone
Total energy received
Whats In a Handset?
Digital Rake Receiver Symbols Chips Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
Walsh xx
Symbols
Receiver RF Section IF, Detector

AGC RF Duplexer RF Open Loop
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx
Viterbi Decoder Messages Bit Packets
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
Audio
Pilot Searcher
PN xxx Walsh 0 Transmit Gain Adjust
CPU
Vocoder Audio
Transmitter RF Section
Transmitter Digital Section

Long Code Gen.
Messages
Bit Packets
CDMA Handoffs Handoff is the process by which a mobile station maintains communications with the Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC/BSC), when traveling from the coverage area of one base station to that of another
While in the Idle State Idle Handoff
Soft Handoff
During a Call
Softer Handoff
CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff

CDMA-to-Analog Hard Handoff
CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics

MTX BSC
Sel.
BTS
Handset RF
BTS
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh S Walsh Voice, Data, Messages Pilot Ec/Io
Searcher PN W=0
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously checks available pilots Handset tells system pilots it currently sees System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting! Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis! Users are totally unaware of handoff
Softer Handoff
Handset
Rake Receiver PN Walsh
MTX
BSC
Sel.
BTS
RF
PN
PN
Walsh S
Walsh
Voice, Data, Messages
Searcher PN W=0
Pilot Ec/Io
Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & pilot Handset will ask for whatever pilots it wants If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a handset, this is called Softer Handoff Handset is unaware, but softer handoff occurs in BTS in a single channel element Handset can even use combination soft-softer handoff on multiple BTS & sectors
Overall Handoff Perspective Soft & Softer Handoffs are the best but a handset can receive BTS/sectors simultaneously only on one frequency all involved BTS/sectors must connect to a single BSC (the BSC must choose packets each frame) must be same on all BTS/sectors If above not possible, handoff still can occur but will be hard like AMPS/TDMA/GSM intersystem handoff: hard change-of-frequency handoff: hard CDMA-to-AMPS handoff: hard, no handback auxiliary trigger mechanisms available

PSTN PSTN
MTX
MTX
BSC
BSC
A (1)
B (2)
A (D1)
B (D2)
Between cells operating on different frequencies
Between cells with traffic channels whose frames are staggered differently

PSTN
MTX
MTX
BSC
BSC
Between cells that could be on the same frequency and have the same frame alignment, but which are subordinated to different BSCs which are not interconnected. This type of hard handoff would become a soft handoff if the frames received at both cells could be delivered quickly to the same BSC for comparison, by interconnecting both BSCs with a high-speed link (see Inter BSC Soft Handoff / Inter System Soft Handoff)
Pilot Detection Trigger CELL_PILOT_BEACON sectors

Handoff Trigger
BTS
BTS
The mobile station has no knowledge of the beacon sector concept. As far as the mobile station is concerned, a beacon sector is just the same as any other standard CDMA sector.
CELL_STANDARD
CELL_PILOT_BEACON
This trigger utilizes the existing soft handoff algorithm in the mobile station to facilitate the hard handoff. Certain pilots in the region where hard handoff is desired are identified as CELL_PILOT_BEACON in the Pilot Database of the SBS Controller The cell on the left serves the mobile station on frequency f1 The cell on the right operates in frequency f2 and has a Pilot Beacon Unit that generates a pilot on frequency f1 (or this pilot is generated by a standard CDMA cell of an adjacent system/market) As the mobile station travels into the region in which hard handoff is desired, soft handoff processing is initiated when the mobile station reports to the network that the signal of the beacon cell is received with sufficient strength SBS software determines that the reported pilot corresponds to a beacon cell, and hard handoff processing commences
Hard Handoff using Beacon Pilot Sectors

B e ac on S e ctor o n 1
1
B E A C O N
B e a c on Se c tor on 2
1 1 2
B E A C O N
Boundary Sector Trigger

(CELL_BORDER Sectors)
First-stage trigger
BTS RTD
CELL_STANDARD
CELL_BORDER
Second-stage trigger
The mobile station has no knowledge of the border sector concept. As far as the mobile station is concerned, a border sector is just the same as any other standard CDMA sector.
This is a two-stage trigger which indirectly utilizes the existing soft handoff algorithm in the mobile station to facilitate the hard handoff certain pilots in the region where hard handoff is desired are identified as

CELL_BORDER in the Pilot Database of the SBS Controller as the mobile station travels from left to right, it enters into handoff with both sectors and eventually ceases communication with the sector on the left (CELL_STANDARD) when the active set contains only sectors datafilled as CELL_BORDER, the first-stage trigger is met and the second-stage trigger is enabled the SBS starts monitoring the Round Trip Delay (RTD) of the signals between the mobile station and the base station from which it derives its time reference when the RTD exceeds a certain threshold, the second-stage trigger is met and handoff processing continues with the target selection activity
Hard Handoff Using Border Sectors

Border Sector for 1
Border Sector for 2

1 1 2 2
CDMA-to-Analog Handoff
The mobile station is directed from a forward traffic channel to an analog voice channel Radio link continuity is not maintained Two types of handoff: Inter-system - occurs while the mobile station is traveling into another system that has no CDMA service Messaging will tell the mobile station to select AMPS Currently, the mobile station cannot handoff back from AMPS to CDMA (until the end of the call, when the mobile station reacquires the system) because the necessary signaling messages not supported) Intra-system - occurs while the mobile station is traveling within the system Load balancing Improve voice quality No CDMA service
Lesson Review
1. What is the purpose of power control?
To maximize system capacity by minimizing noise/interference, and to increase battery life in the mobile stations. 2. What is the ideal situation at the base station regarding power level of the received mobile station signals? To receive exactly the same (minimum) power level from every mobile station. 3. Define CDMA registration and explain its purpose CDMA registration is the means in which a mobile station notifies the cellular system of its location, status, identification and other characteristics. The purpose of CDMA registration is to allow the system to efficiently page the mobile station when establishing a mobile terminated call.
Lesson Review
4. Name the forms of registration, indicating whether they are autonomous or not.
Autonomous: Power-up registration, Power-down registration, Timer-based registration, Distance-based registration, and Zone-based registration. Non-autonomous: Parameter-change registration, Implicit registration, Ordered registration and Traffic Channel registration. 5. Identify the cases of CDMA handoff that can occur when the mobile station is in the Traffic Channel State.
Soft handoff, Softer handoff, CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff, and CDMA-to-Analog Hard Handoff.
6.
Identify the message sent by the mobile station to report the strength of the pilots it measures
Pilot Strength The Measurement Message.

Lesson 5

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Lesson 5

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CDMA Technology Overview

Lesson 5 Power Control, Registration, and Handoffs

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-1

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-2

CDMA Power Control

Precise power control of the mobile stations is critical if we want to

Increase battery life of the mobile stations

Mobile stations which transmit excessive power increase interference to

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-4

Estimated Reverse Open Loop Output Power

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-5

Estimated Reverse Open Loop Output Power

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-6

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-7

Power Output Estimations (Summary)

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-8

Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-9

Forward Traffic Channel Power Control

Adjust Fwd. power

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-10

Summary of All Power Control Mechanisms

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Adjust Fwd. power Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

Forward Link Power Control

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-11

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-12

Home SID/NID List

(2, 3) (2, 0) (3, 1)

HLR & VLR

February, 2001 - Page 4-14

Non-Autonomous: explicitly requested by the base station, or implied

Autonomous: triggered by some event other than the reception of an

Forms of CDMA Registration

Implicit registration Ordered registration Traffic channel registration

Registration Types NOT Supported by Nortel

February, 2001 - Page 4-16

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-17

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-18

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-19

CDMA Technology Overview

NOTE: These are registration zones, not TMSI zones!

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 4-21

Ordered and Traffic Channel Registration

February, 2001 - Page 4-24