Environment & Significance of Environment Management Environment means different things to different people In business management it refers to external

al environment in which the organization functions Ecologically , environment refers to sum total of all external conditions & influences affecting the life and development of organisms

Business environment External Political Economic Social Legal Technological International Natural

Internal People Culture Work ethics Attitudes

Natural or physical environment is simply called environment Managers deal with industry - directly or indirectly Knowledge of concerns regarding environment , latest environment protection services , environmental legislation & Rules and regulations for setting up new industry or trade , production processes , handling of wastes , especially chemical & hazardous , packaging & eco labeling & environment protection equipment is essential

Environment refers to the region , surroundings or circumstances in which organisms , populations and communities exist & operate . It includes air , water , land , plants , animals , humans and their interrelation Environment of human beings includes Abiotic factors land , water , atmosphere , climate , sound , odour , taste Biotic factors animals , plants , bacteria , viruses & social factors aesthetics

environment refers to all surrounding things , conditions and influences affecting growth or development of living things environment study is a conglomerate of all basic & applied sciences , engineering , socioeconomic aspects , management & law. Environment of a region , country , state , district , city & village is influenced by several factors ranging from ethnic , geological , geographical , climatic and social considerations to economic and cultural circumstances.

Human environment denotes those activities of mans activities that by affecting the natural biological & ecological systems of man affect his own life & well being. United Nations Committee describes Environment as sum total of identified & identifiable natural resources , existing in finite quantities on earth and , of the quality of environment of the milieu , which constitutes an important element of the quality of renewable resources

Environmental pollution is the reduction in the quality of the environment due to disposal of the residuals. It refers to the presence of any substance in excess , which is harmful to the living beings , and hence termed as pollutants due to ill effects of their presence. Environmental management is optimal utilization of finite resources between different possible uses . utilization / allocation of resources should be efficient available resources should be protected from degradation scarce & diminishing resources should be conserved

1. physical environment provides all resources necessary for life including raw materials , energy , water , air , land and living resources ( plants , fish ,animals ) 2. most of environmental resources in biosphere (life zone ) of the earth a 6 km thick layer on the surface of earth which includes atmosphere

Living organisms : Any form of life includes all plants & animals Three Types of Organisms 1. Producers ( supply food to others ) 2. Consumers ( eat others in order to survive ) 3. Decomposers ( use non-living organic matter Habitat : Place where an organism lives . Four major habitats are Biosphere marine freshwater terrestrial

Population : Group of individual organisms of the same species living within an area Community : Any assemblage of populations living in a prescribed area or physical habitat that has the characteristics in additions to its individual and population components . Community consists of number of populations.

Carrying capacity :Maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time Limiting factor : Any factor that limits the growth , abundance and distribution of population of a particular organism in an ecosystem Cycles : Circulation of chemical elements in the biosphere from the environment to organisms and back to environment

Biological clock : Natural rhythms or cycles that constitute mechanisms within the organism for measuring time and events in some fashion Food chain : Transfer of food energy from its source in plants through a series of organisms where eating and being eaten is repeated a number of times

Herbivores Carnivores Herbivores may be eaten by Carnivores Decomposing food chain begin with dead material either animal wastes ( feces ) or remains of plants and animals - consumed by insects , worms and host of microorganisms such as bacteria decompose waste & return of nutrients to environment

Simple food chain 1. Producer - grass 2. Herbivore - goat 3. Carnivore - tiger

Food web 1. Producer vegetation 2. Herbivore snail , grass hopper 3. Primary carnivore lizard , bird 4. Secondary carnivore snake 5. Tertiary carnivore eagle

Ecosystem: community of organisms and populations interacting with one another and with chemical and physical factors of their environment constitute an ecosystem Ecosystem consists Physical environment Biological environment

Ecosystem is basic function unit in ecology & includes population & communities each influencing the other emphasizing relationships & interdependence Pond , lake , a tract of forest - are part of ecosystem Without resources & services provided by ecosystem , human life would not be possible. Ecosystem is not a static system constant changes Ecosystem is capable of self maintenance & self regulation

Ecology : Study of Relation of organisms to their environment & biology of group of organisms with functional processes on lands , in oceans & fresh waters is termed as Ecology . i.e. it is the study of interrelations between living organisms and their environment . Ecology proceeds at three levels : Individual organism Population Community

Flora : Plant life of a given place Fauna : Animal life of a given place Fossil Fuel : oil , coal & natural gas

Ozone : A protective layer in stratosphere shielding earth from Suns harmful ultraviolet rays Rainforest : Rainforests grow in between tropics of Cancer & Capricorn . They are self regenerating system , rich in bio-diversity Renewable Resources : Renewal resources are those which can be regularly regenerated like the use of wind , water and solar power . Other renewable resources include fauna , flora and their products

Human Nutritional Needs Fats ., oils & sweets Milk ,butter & cheese Meat , poultry , fish , beans , eggs & nuts Fruits Vegetables Cereals ( bread , rice & pasta )

Resources that environment provides may be : Tangible :airflows , water , minerals , fuels . food , materials etc. Intangible : nutrient cycling , climate regulation & removal , dispersion , storage , degradation of residuals or wastes and so on Aesthetic : scenic , recreational and other pleasing features

Resources may either be renewable or non-renewable Renewable resources refresh themselves within a short time if properly managed ( air , land , water etc.) Non-renewable Resources once used , are lost forever (e.g minerals & oils )

Natural resources & associated problems Forest resources : use & over-exploitation ,deforestation . Timber extraction ,mining , dams , and their effects on tribal people . Water resources : use & over utilization of surface & ground water , ,floods , drought , conflicts over water , dams , benefits & problems Mineral resources : use & exploitation , environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources

Food resources : World food problems ,changes caused by agriculture & over grazing , effects of modern agriculture , fertilizer pesticide problems , water logging , salinity Energy resources : growing energy needs , renewable and non renewable energy sources , use of alternate energy sources Land resources : Land as a resource , land degradation , man induced landslides , soil erosion and desertification

Environmental Pollution Causes , effects & control measures of 1. Air Pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Soil Pollution 4. Marine Pollution 5. Noise Pollution 6. Thermal Pollution 7. Nuclear Pollution

Problems concerning entire world : To be tackled at global level , require international cooperation 1. Global warming or green house effect 2. Ozone depletion 3. Hazardous wastes

Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Main greenhouse gas Arises from burning of fossil fuels Levels increase as a consequence of deforestation

Methane ( CH4) About 20 % of greenhouse effect is due to methane Arises from Rice paddies Wetlands Cattle Burning of wood Landfills

Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFC5) Responsible for about 15 % of greenhouse effect Thousand times more effective ( heat absorbing ) than CO2 Reach the atmosphere from Refrigeration Air conditioning industry Foam packing industry

Nitrous Oxide ( NO2) Responsible for 5 % of greenhouse effect Arises from Coal burning Biomass burning Breakdown of chemical fertilizers

Countries with highest CO2 emissions Country Total CO2 emissions ( 000 metric tons) South 305805 Africa Poland 338044 France 340085 Mexico 357834 Korea 373592 Italy 409983

Canada Ukraine United Kingdom Germany India Japan Russia China United States

435749 438211 542140

835099 908734 1126753 1818011 3192484 5468564

Gases trap suns rays in the earths atmosphere causing temperature to rise known as global warming or green house effect. Effects of global warming : Rise in sea level submerge maldives , coastal cities Hot summers increase in consumption of electricity Affect agriculture production Disturb ecological balance

steps to combat 1. More use of natural gas which contains half the carbon of coal & no sulphur 2. Renewable sources of energy wind power , solar energy 3. Manufacture fuel efficient vehicles 4. Deforestation reversal

Ozone depletion Ozone layer in stratosphere forms a shield protecting against harmful effect of ultra-violet radiation from outer space Depletion results in hole in the shield UV radiation arising from sun would reach earth if there are ozone holes

Components of Ecosystem a.Physical Subsystem 1.Light 2.Heat 3.Evaporation & precipitation 4.Humidity 5.Gravity 6.Pressure 7.Air & water currents 8.Sound

b.Chemical subsystem 1.Oxygen 2.Carbon dioxide 3.Alkalinity/Ph 4.Mineral nutrients 5.Organic matter 6.Salinity

c.Biotic subsystem 1.Organisms 2.Population 3.Community