Governance

is the act of governing. It relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. It consists of either a separate process or part of management or leadership processes. These processes and systems are typically administered by a government

Governance Collective Framework

The collective `process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented) Governance analysis includes three components: Process Participation Accountability

Governance Framework Consideration

Traditional/customary governance processes gutted by decades of war At local (village) level, need for governances arises from collective issues over:
1) Security 2) Civil justice (rule of law) 3) Less emphasis on delivery of hard services

Stratified authority basis at local level: 1) Tribal consensus (not elected), 2) Religious, 3) Patronage (wealth), 4) Strongmen (militia leadership) No nation-wide standard; authority base composition varies by region Tragedy of the commons distribution of collectively owned resources Extension of Central government reach (i.e. services) is a new venture.

Historical approach-central government selection of intermediary (from the existing to represent the village to the government (malik) New processes e.g. emergent role of the Community Development Council (CDC) and community councils

In general terms, governance occurs in three broad ways:

Through networks involving public-private partnerships (PPP) or with the collaboration of community organizations; Through the use of market mechanisms whereby market principles of competition serve to allocate resources while operating under government regulation; Through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and the state bureaucracy.

Participatory governance
Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state.

Some Terms for Forms and Types of Governance

Authoritarian: A single head of state often dominates a country with authoritarian rule, but its likely that more than one person has significant power Autocracy: is a government led by one person with dictatorial power. Dictatorship: refers to an autocratic rule by one or more people

 Junta: post revolutionary government and carries a sense of a tightly controlled government. Democracy: refers to a system of government in which the will of the people is carried out by elected representatives. Monarchy government led by a person usually selected by hereditary succession Regime: lawful control over the affairs of a political unit (Other terms are: Anarchy, Cabal, Oligarchy, Theocracy, Totalitarian, Tyranny)

Governance Indicators
Worldwide Governance Indicators capture six key dimensions of governance (Voice & Accountability, Political Stability and Lack of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption) between 1996 and present. They measure the quality of governance in over 200 countries, based on close to 40 data sources produced by over 30 different organizations worldwide and are updated on an annual basis since 2002.

 The governance indicators contribute to the growing empirical research of governance which have provided activists and reformers worldwide with advocacy tools for policy reform and monitoring.

Criticisms
Not reproducible Too complex Arbitrary Absence of an underlying theory of "good" governance Hidden biases Lack of comparability

 Lack of actionability Over-selling Lack of conceptual clarity

 All too often, we speak of Rizal- and of Del Pilar, Bonifacio and Mabini, and our host of heroes- as if their work were done, as if today their spirit had ceased to have any meaning or value to our people. The truth is that we need their spirit now more than ever. We need it to complete the work which they began.

RAMON MAGSAYSAY