Signal

Carrier
time
time
Modulating signal and carrier Wave
V
m
Sin et
V
c
Sin et
time
Modulated wave
If the equation of modulating signal is

And the carrier wave equation is

Then the modulated wave is the superposition of the above two waves.
Frequency spectrum of AM wave
The modulation index is defined as
c
m
V
V
m = 0<m<1
Amplitude of the modulated wave is
t Sin V v
m m
e =
t Sin V v
c c
e =
Instantaneous voltage of the Amplitude modulated wave is
Expand the above equation using trigonometrically relation
The first term represent the un-modulated carrier.
Second and third terms represent the additional sidebands.
6
Representation of AM wave
min max
min max
V V
V V
V
V
m
c
m
+

= =
2
2
min max
min max
max
max
V V
V V
V
V V V
m c
+
=

=
=
2
min max
V V
V
m

=
Modulation index
Power relation in the AM wave
R
V
R
V
R
V
P
USB LSB carr
t
2 2 2
+ + =
Total power in the modulated wave
( )
R
V
R
V
R
V
P
c c carr
c
2
2 /
2
2
2
= = =
Carrier power
R
V m
R
V m
R
mV
R
V
P P
c c c SB
LSB USB
2 4 8
2
2 /
2 2 2 2
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = Similarly
2
1
4 4
2 4 2 4 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
m
P
P
P
m
P
m
P
R
V m
R
V m
R
V
P
c
t
c c c
c c c
t
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
We have from above relations
Maximum power in AM wave
c t
P P 5 . 1 =
For m=1
means 100% modulation
Current Calculation:
It is the modulated current and Ic is the unmodulated current and R is the
radiation resistance of the antenna.
Modulation by several sine waves
643 . 0 4 . 0 757 . 0
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
= = =
+ =
m m m
m m m
t
t
Generation of AM waves
Basic requirements

High Power
Maximum efficiency

Class C amplifier output is
current pulse, it can produce
complete pulse when passes
through the RL tune circuits.
Generation of AM waves
Transmitter Block Diagram
If the output stage in a transmitter is
plate (collector) modulated in a lower
power transmitter , the system is called
High-level Modulation
If the modulation is applied at any other
point (base of transistor or grid of
Triode) of the output amplifier , the
system is called Low-level Modulation
Transistor Collector Modulator
SSB (single side band) techniques
Why SSB?

Save power
Specially useful for
mobile systems

Disadvantages
Complicated
circuits needed in
both transmitter and
receiver.

For SSB, its
amplitude varies in
accordance with
modulating voltage,
and its frequency
varies with frequency
of modulating signal.


Suppression of carrier
bv i =
bv a i + =
Effect of nonlinear resistance on
added signals
In linear region
In diode or input of transistor
In the non linear portion
terms higher dv cv bv a i + + + + =
3 2
C<<b, d<<c, and so on
a is dc component
2
cv bv a i + + =
C is the coefficient of non linearity
If two signals are applied simultaneously then
) 2 ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
v v v v c v v b a i
v v c v v b a i
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
If two signals are sinusoidal
Conclusions
Inter-modulation occurs in audio and RF amplifier
In practical Modulator, out put is developed across a circuit tuned at carrier
frequency, and the bandwidth is just large enough to pass the two side bands.
Output of LC tuned circuit
The balanced Modulator uses the non linear
properties of diode or transistors
Carrier frequency will be absent (heavily attenuated) from the output of the
amplifier
Just two side bands appear at the out put
BUT How ? It needs mathematical conceptions
How to suppress unwanted sidebands

The filter method
The phase shift method
The Third method

Transmitted signal
bandwidth
Received signal
bandwidth
Mathematical representation of FM
Instantaneous frequency of FM wave
) 1 ( t Cos kV f f
m m c
e + =
Frequency Spectrum of FM
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