Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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REFERENCES
FM 1-203, Fundamentals of flight TC 1-212, Aircrew Training Manual
Learning Objectives
Applied and simplified understanding of helicopter aerodynamic characteristics Correlate relationships between these characteristics
Relative Wind
Relative wind is defined as the airflow relative to an airfoil Relative wind is created by movement of an airfoil through the air
This figure illustrates how still air is changed to a column of descending air by rotor blade action
Airflow from rotation, modified by induced flow, produces the Resultant Relative Wind
Angle of attack is reduced by induced flow, causing the airfoil to produce less lift
Angle of Attack
Angle of Attack (AOA) (4) is the angle between the airfoil chord line and its direction of motion relative to the air (the Resultant Relative Wind)
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Incidence (or AOI) is the angle between the blade chord line and the plane of rotation of the rotor system.
Downward airflow alters the relative wind and changes the angle of attack so less aerodynamic force is produced Increase collective pitch is required to produce enough aerodynamic force to sustain an OGE Hover
Translating Tendency
The tendency for a single rotor helicopter to drift laterally, due to tail rotor thrust
Dissymmetry of Lift
Definition Compensation
Blade Flapping Cyclic Feathering Blade Lead and Lag
Dissymmetry of Lift is the difference in lift that exists between the advancing half of the rotor disk and the retreating half
Blade Flapping
Blade Flapping is the up and down movement of a rotor blade, which, in conjunction with cyclic feathering, causes Dissymmetry of Lift to be eliminated.
Blade Flapping
Cyclic Feathering
These changes in blade pitch are introduced either through the blade feathering mechanism or blade flapping. When made with the blade feathering mechanism, the changes are called Cyclic Feathering.
Blade Lead / Lag Each rotor blade is attached to the hub by a vertical hinge (3) that permits each blade, independently of the others, to move back and forth in the rotational plane of the rotor disk thereby introducing cyclic feathering.
Compressibility
Compressibility Causes
Conditions conducive to Compressibility
High Airspeed High Rotor RPM High Gross Weight High Density Altitude Low Temperature Turbulent Air
Compressibility Indications
As Compressibility approaches:
Power Required Increase as Lift Decreases and Drag Increases Vibrations Become More Severe Shock Wave Forms (Sonic Boom) Nose Pitches Down
Dynamic Rollover
With
a rolling moment and a pivot point if the helicopter exceeds a critical angle it will roll over.
Dynamic Rollover
The critical rollover angle is further reduced under the following conditions:
Right Side Skid Down Condition Crosswinds Lateral Center Of Gravity (CG) Offset Main Rotor Thrust Almost Equal to Weight Left Yaw Inputs
Dynamic Rollover
Pilot Technique
When landing or taking off, with thrust (lift) approximately equal to the weight (light on the skids or wheels), the pilot should keep the helicopter cyclic trimmed (force trim/gradient) and prevent excessive helicopter pitch and roll movement rates. The pilot should fly the helicopter smoothly off (or onto) the ground, vertically, carefully maintaining proper cyclic trim.
Summary
Websites containing additional and more detailed information on Helicopter Aerodynamics:
http://www.dynamicflight.com/aerodynamics/ http://www.copters.com/helo_aero.html http://www.helicopterpage.com/html/forces.html
QUIZ
Click on the link below to access the Aerodynamics Quiz http://ang.quizstarpro.com Log-in and Click Search Tab Class Name = Aerodynamics