Transient - Basic Relationships

12 - 1

Transient - Switch Open for Negative Time

12 - 2

i ( t ) = 0, t < 0

Transient - Switch Closed

Closed switch is a short circuit with 0 resistance.

12 - 3

di ( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3, t 0 dt General solution to this first order differenti al equation has a constant and given by KVL : 7 i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t )

a particular solution to 7

di ss ( t ) + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 with no constant dt i ss ( t ) gives steady state response ditr ( t ) + 5itr ( t ) = 0 with one constant dt

general solution to 7

itr ( t ) gives zero state response or transient response

same equation as before but with 0 r.h.s. or no input

Transient - Steady State Response

7 di ( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3, t 0 dt

12 - 4

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t )

a particular solution to 7 general solution to 7 di ss ( t ) + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 dt

ditr ( t ) + 5itr ( t ) = 0 with one constant dt

di ss ( t ) + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 with no constant dt

constant try i ss ( t ) = k

dk + 5k = 3 dt

0 + 5k = 3

k=

3 5

i ss ( t ) =

3 5

Transient - Transient Response

7 di ( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3, t 0 dt

12 - 5

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t )

di ( t ) 3 i ss ( t ) = , a particular solution to 7 ss + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 with no constant 5 dt di ( t ) general solution to 7 tr + 5itr ( t ) = 0 with one constant dt 7 ditr ( t ) + 5itr ( t ) = 0 dt 7 ditr ( t ) = dt 5 itr ( t ) 7 ditr ( t ) 5 itr ( t ) = dt 7 ln[ itr ( t ) ] = t + h1 5 ln[ itr ( t ) ] = itr ( t ) = e itr ( t ) = k1e
5t 7

5t + h2 7 =e
5t 7

5t + h2 7

e = h3 e
h2

5t 7

,t 0

Transient - General Response Derivation

7 di ( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3, t 0 dt

12 - 6

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t )

di ( t ) 3 i ss ( t ) = , a particular solution to 7 ss + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 with no constant 5 dt itr ( t ) = k1e

5t 7

, general solution to 7

ditr ( t ) + 5itr ( t ) = 0 with one constant k1 dt

+
3 [ itr ( t ) + iss ( t ) ] = + k1e 7 5 5t

+
7 d [ itr ( t ) + i ss ( t ) ] + 5[ itr ( t ) + i ss ( t ) ] = 3 dt
5t 7

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t ) = k1e is the general solution to 7

di ( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 0 with one constant a dt

3 + ,t 0 5

Transient - Complete Response

12 - 7

i ( t ) = 0, t < 0

di( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3, t 0 dt

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t )
i ( t ) = k1 e
5t 7

3 + ,t 0 5

7 Note : the time = it takes for t tr ( t ) 5 1 to decrease by a factor of is e called the time constant

Transient - Current Continuity for Inductor

i( t )
k1 + 3 5 3 5

12 - 8
k1 e
5t 7

i( t )

3 + ,t 0 5

Since v( t ) for any real practical system,

3 0 = k1 + 5 3 k1 = 5

0, t < 0

Gradient 3 if 0 k1 + 5
v( t ) = 7

di( t ) dt

i( t )

3 5 0
3 e 5
5t 7

0 Gradient
3 + ,t 0 5

Gradient 5k1 7 di( t ) = e dt 7

v( t ) = 5k1e
5t 7 5t

v( t ) = 0

t =0
5t 7

v( t )

5k 1 e

= 3e

5t 7

,t 0

0 0 5k1

Transient - RC Circuit 1
Find v( t ).

12 - 9

For t < 0 ( suppose current and voltage has settled down ) :

KVL
i( t ) = 7

=0

dv( t ) dt

v( t ) + 0 + 2 = 0 v( t ) = 2, t < 0

Transient - RC Circuit 2
For t 0 :

12 - 10
particular integral to 35 dv ss ( t ) + v ss ( t ) = 3 dt try v ss ( t ) = k 35 d[k] + [k] = 3 dt

[k] = 3
KVL
dv( t ) 35 + v( t ) = 3 dt

v( t ) = vtr ( t ) + v ss ( t ) = k1e

t 35

+ 3, t 0

i ss ( t ) = 3

general solution to 35 dvtr ( t ) dt = vtr ( t ) 35

vtr ( t ) = e
t + h1 35

dvtr ( t ) + vtr ( t ) = 0 dt t + h1 35

=e
t 35

ln vtr ( t ) = e
h1

= k1 e

t 35

Transient - RC Circuit 3 - Voltage Continuity for Capacitor

k1 + 3

12 - 11
k1 e
t 35

+ 3, t 0

v( t )

2, t < 0

Gradient if 2 k1 + 3
i( t ) = 7 dv( t ) dt

Since i ( t ) for any real practical system, 2 = k1 + 3

3

k1 = 5 0 Gradient i( t ) = 0
5e
5t 7

Gradient k1 35 dv( t ) = e dt 35
t

v( t )
2
t =0

+ 3, t 0

k1 35 v( t ) = e 5
t k1 35 e = e 35 , t 0 5
t

i( t )

k1 5

Transient - RL Circuit with Complex Sinusoidal Input 1

Find i ( t ).
t < 0:

12 - 12

3e j 4t

i ( t ) = 0, t < 0

Transient - RL Circuit with Complex Sinusoidal Input 2

For t 0 :

12 - 13
di ss ( t ) + 5i ss ( t ) = 3e j 4t dt try i ss ( t ) = ke j 4t

particular integral to 7

3e j 4t

d ke j 4t 7 + 5 ke j 4t = 3e j 4t dt v( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3e j 4t i( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t ) = k1e
5t 7

] [

KVL

j ( 4 ) 7 ke j 4t + 5 ke j 4t = 3e j 4t
3e j 4t + ,t 0 j ( 4) 7 + 5

] [

di ( t ) 7 + 5i( t ) = 3e j 4t dt

k=

3 j ( 4) 7 + 5

di ( t ) general solution to 7 tr + 5itr ( t ) = 0 dt ditr ( t ) 5dt = itr ( t ) 7

vtr ( t ) = e
5t + h1 7

Impedance

( As in freq. resp. analysis)

=e
5t 7

ln vtr ( t ) =

5t + h1 7

e h1 = k1e

5t 7

Transient - RL Circuit with Complex Sinusoidal Input 3

12 - 14

3e j 4t

i ( t ) = 0, t < 0
i ( t ) = k1 e
5t 7

Just before switch close ( t = 0 ), i ( 0 ) = 0

3e j 4t + ,t 0 j ( 4) 7 + 5
5t 7

Immediatel y after switch close ( t = 0), i ( 0 ) = k1 + Current continuity for L

3 j ( 4) 7 + 5

3e 3e j 4t = + ,t 0 j ( 4) 7 + 5 j ( 4) 7 + 5

Current in L cannot jump, else voltage will be ( impossible ) i( 0) = i( 0

k1 +

3 =0 j ( 4) 7 + 5

k1 =

3 j( 4) 7 + 5

Transient - RL Circuit with Real Sinusoidal Input 1

Find i ( t ).

12 - 15

3 cos( 4t + 5)

t < 0:

3 cos( 4t + 5)

i ( t ) = 0, t < 0

3 cos( 4t + 5)

Transient - RL Circuit with Real Sinusoidal Input 2

For t 0 :

general solution to 7 ditr ( t ) 5dt = itr ( t ) 7 vtr ( t ) = e v( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3 cos( 4t + 5)

di( t ) + 5i ( t ) = 3 cos( 4t + 5) dt
5t + h1 7

ditr ( t ) + 5itr ( t ) = 0 dt
ln vtr ( t ) =

12 - 16

=e
5t 7

5t + h1 7

4t ) 3 cos( 4 te +j5 3

h1

= k1 e

5t 7

KVL

i ( t ) = itr ( t ) + i ss ( t ) try i ss ( t ) = a1e j 4t + a 2 e j 4t

j ( 4t +5 ) j ( 4t +5 ) di ss ( t ) e + e part. int. to 7 + 5i ss ( t ) = 3 cos( 4t + 5) = 3 dt 2

d a1e j 4t + a 2 e j 4t e j ( 4t + 5 ) + e j ( 4t +5 ) j 4t j 4t 7 + 5 a1e + a 2 e =3 = [ j ( 4 ) 7 + 5] a1e j 4t + [ j ( 4 ) 7 + 5] a 2 e j 4t dt 2

] [

a1 =

3e 3 j5 e 3 j 5 j 3e j 5 3 j 5 j * = e = e ae and a = = e ae = a 2 1 2[ j ( 4) 7 + 5] 2 2 2 2 2[ j ( 4) 7 + 5] 2 28 + 5
i ss ( t ) = 3 j ( 4t +5 ) j 3 j j ( 4t +5 ) = 3a cos( 4t + 5 + ) e ae + ae e 2 2

j5

j tan 1

28 5

Impedance

( As in freq. resp. analysis)

Transient - RL Circuit with Real Sinusoidal Input 3

j tan 1 28 5

12 - 17

j4 t) 3 cos( 4 5 3te+

ae j =

1 e = j ( 4) 7 + 5 28 2 + 5 2

Total impedance i ( t ) = 0, t < 0 i ( t ) = k1 e

5t 7

i(0 ) = 0 i ( 0 ) = k1 + 3a cos( 5 + ) Current continuity for L k1 + 3a cos( 5 + ) = 0 k1 = 3a cos( 5 + )

+ 3a cos( 4t + 5 + ) , t 0
5t 7

= 3a cos( 5 + ) e

+ 3a cos( 4t + 5 + ) , t 0

i( 0) = i( 0 )

Transient - Q1
Determine the current in the inductor.

12 - 18

Transient - Q1

12 - 19

Transient - Q2

12 - 20

Determine the voltage v( t ).

Transient - Q2

12 - 21

Transient - Q3

12 - 22

Determine the voltage v( t ).

Transient - Q3

12 - 23

Transient - Q4

12 - 24

Transient - Q4

12 - 25

Transient - Q5

12 - 26

Transient - Q5

12 - 27

Transient - Q6

12 - 28

Transient - Q6

12 - 29

Transient - Q7
Write down the differential equation for determining the inductor voltage.

12 - 30

Transient - Q7

12 - 31

Transient - Q8
What are the voltages and currents just before and after the switch is closed?

12 - 32

Transient - Q8

12 - 33

Transient - Q9
What are the voltages and currents just before and after the switch is closed?

12 - 34

Transient - Q9

12 - 35

Transient - Q10
What are the final voltages and currents after the switch has been opened for a long time?

12 - 36

Transient - Q10

12 - 37

Transient - Q11

12 - 38

Transient - Q11

12 - 39