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Fading Miracle?
Chemotherapy
The use of drugs to treat a disease Selective toxicity: A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host
Antibiotic/Antimicrobial
Antibiotic: Chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism Antimicrobial agent: Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
Penicillins
Fig 20.6
Figure 20.6
Penicillinase (b Lactamase)
Figure 20.8
Semisynthetic Penicillins
Penicilinase-resistant penicillins Carbapenems: very broad spectrum Monobactam: Gram negative Extended-spectrum penicillins Penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitors
Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) Inhibit folic acid synthesis Broad spectrum
Figure 5.7
Antifungal Drugs
Fungi are eukaryotes Have unique sterols in their cell walls Pathogenic fungi are often outside the body
Antiviral Drugs
Viruses are composed of nucleic acid, protein capsid, and host membrane containing virus proteins Viruses live inside host cells and use many host enzymes Some viruses have unique enzymes for DNA/RNA synthesis or protein cutting in virus assembly
Figure 20.16a
Antiviral Drugs
Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogs
Figure 20.16a
Figure 20.16b, c
Antiprotozoan Drugs
Protozoa are eukaryotic cells Many drugs are experimental and their mode of action is unknown
Antihelminthic Drugs
Helminths are macroscopic multicellular eukaryotic organisms: tapeworms, roundworms, pinworms, hookworms
Antihelminthic Drugs
Prevent ATP generation (Tapeworms) Alters membrane permeability (Flatworms) Neuromuscular block (Intestinal roundworms) Inhibits nutrient absorption (Intestinal roundworms) Paralyzes worm (Intestinal roundworms)
Antibiotic Resistance
Figure 20.20
Antimicrobial Resistance
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial against a previously susceptible microbe Increase in MIC
Antibiotics in Foods
Antibiotics are used in animal feeds and sprayed on plants to prevent infection and promote growth Multi drug-resistant Salmonella typhi has been found in 4 states in 18 people who ate beef fed antibiotics
Multi-Drug Resistant TB
MRSA mer-sah
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Most frequent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pathogen Usually resistant to several other antibiotics