9-sdh All

Global Market Management
SDH - Basics
Copyright by Christoph Mhlhuser, ACTERNA Germany Box 1262, D-72795 Eningen u.A. e-mail: christoph.muehlhaeuser@acterna.com http://www.acterna.com
All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated without the written permission of the publisher.
Page 2
Content
1. Current transmission technologies
1.1 A brief history of transmission systems 1.2 Principle of Plesiochronous Operation 1.3 Stuffing techniques 1.4 Problems of PDH
2. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

2.1 Synchronous Network Structure 2.2 Layered model of the SDH network 2.3 Principles of SDH 2.4 Network node interface
3. Bit rates, frame structure and interface

3.1 ITU-T and SONET multiplex structure
3.2 STM-1 frame structure

3.3 STM-N frame structure
Page 3
Content
4. Basic elements of STM-1
4.1 Digital signal sections 4.2 The Section Overhead (SOH)
4.3 The Path Overhead (POH)

4.4 Pointer activities 4.5 Mapping procedures
5. SDH Network Elements

5.1 Add & Drop Multiplexer
5.2 Crossconnect 5.3 Synchronous Line Equipment 5.4 SDH Topology
6. Synchronization architecture in SDH

6.1 Clock hierarchy 6.2 Evaluation methods and standards 6.3 Synchronisation of SDH Network Elements 6.4 Holdover mode
6.5 Recommendations for Synchronisation
Page 4
Content
7. Monitoring and maintenance functionality
7.1 Bit error monitoring with BIP-N test 7.2 SDH Maintenance Signal Interactions 7.3 Jitter and Wander 7.4 Network resilence 7.5 Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
9. Future Trends in SDH

10. Lets summarize
Page 5
Current Transmission Technologies
Page 6
The Telephone System
ANALOGUE
DIGITAL
ANALOGUE
Page 7
Sampling
Audio Signal
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
time
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal
T1
T2
T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
time
Page 8
Quantization Level 112 96 80 64 48 32
Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding

digital codes
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
1/2V
1/4V 1/8V 1/16V 1/32V 1/64 V
0 0 0 0 X X X X 0 0 0 1 X X X X 0 0 1 0 X X X X
-V In accordance with CCITTs A-law
Page 9
PCM Signal Data Rate
8000 samples per sec
8 bits per sample
= 64kbit/s
Page 10
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Page 11
PDH Systems Worldwide

Japan
5. 397200 kbit/s
x4
USA
Europe
564992 kbit/s
x4
4.
97728 kbit/s
x3
274176 kbit/s
x3 x6
139264 kbit/s
x4
3.
32064 kbit/s
x5
44736 kbit/s
x7
34368 kbit/s
x4
6312 kbit/s 2. order

x4 x3
8448 kbit/s
x4
1544 kbit/s primary rate

x 24
2048 kbit/s
x 30/31
64 kbit/s
Page 12
PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)
1
64 kbit/s Data Signals
8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

1
30
DSMX 64k/2
1
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

1
0.3 to 3.1 kHz AF signals
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
30
PCMX 30 15 kHz Sound Program Signals

1 5
4
DSMX 34/140
PCMX 30
DSMX 8/34 Channel Capacity: 64 x 30 = 1920
64 30
DSMX 2/8
Page 13
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125s
signalling information signalling information
encoded voice / data signals

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

time slots
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Page 14


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

time slots
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Si
FAS (frames 0,2,4...)
(M)
Si
Sa Sa 4 5
Sa Sa 6 7
Sa NFAS 8 (frames 1,3,5...)
Si: Reserved for international use Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm) A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based data links (point-to-point applications) FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011) NFAS: Non frame alignment signal
Page 15


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

time slots
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Si
0 0 MFAS
Y x x NMFAS
frame 0
(M)
Si
Sa Sa 4 5
Sa Sa 6 7
a b c d signalling subscr. n
a b c d signalling subscr. n+15
Si: Reserved for international use Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm) A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm) Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm) E: CRC error indication (0=Error) Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based data links (point-to-point applications) FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011) NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
Page 16

2.048 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 sub multiframe 1 fr 5 multiframe fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15 sub multiframe 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

time slots
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Si
0 0 MFAS
0 d
Y x x NMFAS
frame 0
Si (M)
Sa Sa 4 5
Sa Sa 6 7
a b c signalling subscr. n
a b c d signalling subscr. n+15
sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:

0 FAS 1 NFAS 6 FAS 7 NFAS 8 FAS
9 NFAS
C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa C4 1 C1 1 0 1 0 1 0 A 0 A 1 1 0 1 1 Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa 1 1 0 1 1 Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
256 x 8 bit = 2048 bit
Si: Reserved for international use Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm) A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm) Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm) E: CRC error indication (0=Error) Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based data links (point-to-point applications) FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011) NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
14 FAS 15 NFAS
256 x 8 bit C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 2048 bit
E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
Page 17
Plesiochronous Hierarchies Frame Structures

8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204
1a 2a 3a 4a
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c 2c 3c 4c
s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1
A N
A N 1a,b,c S
: Alarm Bit : National Spare Bit : Stuffing Control Bit : Stuffing Bit
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
10 2 372 4 380 4 380 4 4 376
1a 2a 3a 4a
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c 2c 3c 4c
s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1
0 A
N Page 18
Plesiochronous Hierarchies Frame Structures

139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751
12 4 472 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 4 480
1a 2a 3a 4a
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c 2c 3c 4c
1d 2d 3d 4d
1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A NN N
A N 1a,b,c,d S
: Alarm Bit : National Spare Bit : Stuffing Control Bit : Stuffing Bit
Page 19
PDH Maintenance Signals
LOS LOF AIS
PDH Equipment
AIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3 BER 10-6

D-Bit N-Bit
PDH Equipment
AIS
Page 20
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

140 Mbit/s main
OLTU OLTU OLTU 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8 OLTU 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8
140 Mbit/s
stand-by
34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8
1,2 ................. 64
1,2 ................. 64
Line Terminating Unit
Drop & Insert Station
Line Terminating Unit
Page 21
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Page 22
Why SDH ?
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
Simple D&I of traffic channels

(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH

systems
SDH is open for new applications

(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN, IP...)
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)

(for centralized network control)
Page 23
Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
TM
STM-1
ADM
STM-1, STM-4 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/-16/ ADM -64
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer DXC : Digital Cross Connect TM : Terminal Multiplexer DSC: Digital Switching Center LAN: Local Area Network 2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 STM-4
DSC
Page 24
Layered Model of the SDH Network

......
Packet Network
Telephone Network
Lower Order Path Layer Higher Order Path Layer
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
VC-3
VC-4
Transmission
Multiplex section layer Regenerator section layer Physical media layer
Section Layer
Page 25
Media Layer
SDH Transport Layer
Cicuit Layer
Path Denominations
Lower Order Path Higher Order Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Sections SMX Reg SMX
VC-12
VC-3
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
VC-12
VC-2 VC-1
VC-4 VC-3
VC-4 VC-3
VC-2 VC-1
STM-n STM-n RSOH RSOH

STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH VC-1/2/3 POH
Page 26
Network Node Interface (NNI)
SDH
MUX / DEMUX
CC
SDH
Reg.
SDH
MUX / DEMUX
PDH
PDH
NNI
NNI
NNI
The Network Node Interface (NNI) specifications are necessary to enable interconnection of synchronous digital network elements for transport of payloads
ITU-T Rec.: G.707 Synchronous Multiplex Structure G.703 Electrical characteristic G.957 Optical interface characteristic
Page 27
Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfaces in SDH
Page 28
SDH and SONET are International Standards

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
STM-N STS-3N AUG AU-4
STS-3C
VC-4
STS-3C SPE
C-4 x3 TUG-3 x7 C-3 x7
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
x1
TU-3
VC-3
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
x3 x1 STM-0 STS-1 AU-3 STS-1 VC-3

STS-1 SPE
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s E3 : 34.368 kbit/s DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
TUG-2 VT group
x1
TU-2 VT-6 TU-12
VC-2
VT-SPE
C-2
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

x4 VC-12
VT-SPE
x3
VT-2
C-12
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
TU-11 VT-1.5
VC-11
VT-SPE
C-11
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
SONET
BELLCORE GR.253 ANSI T1.105
SDH
ITU-T G.707
SDH
ETSI
Page 29
STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)
1 1 9 270
transmit row by row
RSOH
3 4 5 AU Pointer
Payload
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead MSOH: Multiplex section overhead Payload: Area for information transport Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s Frame repetition time: 125 s
Page 30

270 Columns (Bytes) 1 1 3 4 5 9 270
RSOH AU Pointer
AU-4
VC-4 VC-4 POH MSOH C-4
Page 31
Higher SDH Bitrates

STM-1 #1 11111 22222 33333 44444 B1 B2 SOH termination B1 B2 New SOH
STM-1 #2 STM-1 #3
STM-4
12341234123412 . . .
STM-1 #4
The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate. Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the STM-n output signal.
Page 32

36 bytes
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X B1 D1 E1 D2 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X D3 X
Payload
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D 10 S1 D5 D8 D 11 M1 K2 D5 D9 D 12 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculated Bytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
Page 33
Basic Elements of STM-1
Page 34
Synchronous Network
Path
Multiplex Section Reg. Section Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
SDH
MUX / DEMUX
CC
SDH
Reg. back-up line
SDH
MUX / DEMUX
PDH
clock clock
clock
Parity Bytes
B2 B1
B2 B1 B3 B1
Comm. Channels
E2, D4 ... D12
E1, F1, D1 ... D3
Page 35
Embedded Overhead Bytes

STM-1 SOH A1 A1 B1 D1 H1 Y B2 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 A1 A2 A2 E1 D2 Y H2 1 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 A2 J0 F1 D3 1 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 X X H3 X X H3 VC-3/4 POH J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
RSOH
Pointer
AU - PTR
VC-11/12/ 2 POH V5 J2 N2 K4
M 1 E2
MSOH
P O H
Media dependent bytes X Reserved for national use SOH: Section overhead POH: Path overhead
Payload
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and supervision of the SDH transmission network.
Page 36
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 E1 D2 AU - Pointer B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D5 D7 D8 D10 D11 S1 M1 A1 B1 D1 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2
Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)
Section Trace
(J0 Identficationof regenerator source)
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Data communication channels

(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
Voice communication channels

(E1 between regenerators)
Page 37
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead

A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 E1 D2 AU - Pointer B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D5 D7 D8 D10 D11 S1 M1 A1 B1 D1 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2
Parity check (B2) Alarm information (K2)
Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching (K1, K2 Bytes) Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1) Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)
Page 38
Functions of Path Overhead

VC-3/4 POH J1 B3 C2 VC-11/12/2 G1 POH F2 V5 H4 J2 F3 N2 K4 K4 N1
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
Alarm and performance information

(V5, G1)
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4) User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source

(Path Trace J1, J2)
Page 39
Functions and Characteristics of the Individual Elements of NNI

The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH) Synchronous to the STM-1 Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead) Transport as a unit through the network (SDH) A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Page 40
Functions and Characteristics of the Individual Elements of the NNI

The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1

(STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to Aus Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AU pointer area Byte by byte stuffing
Page 41
Overhead Byte Functionality

SOH A1, A2 Frame synchronisation B1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring J0 Regenerator section trace D1... D3 Regenerator section DCC D4.. D12 Multiplex section DCC E1, E2 Orderwire for voice communication F1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice) K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS) S1 Synchronisation status message M1 MS-REI (remote error idication) J1 B3 C2 G1 F2, F3 H4 K3 N1 V5 J2 N2 K4 Higher order path trace Path parity byte for error monitoring Signal Label (composition of payload) Path status and performance Path user channels Payload specific byte Automatic protection switching (APS) Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.) Error check, path status, signal label Lower order path trace Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.) Page 42 Automatic protection switching (APS)
VC-3/4 POH
VC-1/2 POH
The way of integrating PDH signals into STM-1

Plesiochronous signal
140Mbit/s
C4
Container
Path Overhead
Virtual Container
Pointer
VC-4
Administrative Unit
Section Overhead
AU-4
Synchronous Transport Module
STM-1
Page 43
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH networks. The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM1frame.
STM-1
AU-Pointer VC-4 POH

TUPTR
VC-4
VC-12 VC-12 POH
Page 44
Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
NDF, mapping struc, pointer inc/dec
Pointer inc/dec IDIDIDID J1
Opportunity for negative stuffing (more capacity)
Opportunity for positive stuffing (less capacity)
C4 payload Pointer interpretation : H1 byte N New data flag (NDF) disabled : New data flag enabled : AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 : AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 : AU-4 pointer 0...782 : TU-3 pointer 0...764 : Null pointer indication (NPI) : 0 1 N N 1 0 1 0 N 0 1 S S I D H2 byte
1 0
0 1
X X X X 1 1 X X X X 1 1 X X 1 X X 0 X X 0 X X 0 X X 0 X X 0
Page 45
S S
Negative Justification
RSOH H1 H2 MSOH H3
Start of VC-4
Actual pointer
125s
Pointer with inverted D bits
RSOH H1 H2 MSOH H3
250s
RSOH H1 H2 MSOH
negative justification byte (data)
New pointer
H1
375s
RSOH H2 MSOH H3
500s
Page 46
Pointer justification
frame n-1
frame n
AU-Pointer
frame n+1
AU-Pointer
Page 47
Mappings
Page 48
Mapping 140 Mbit/s

Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
9 RSOH
AU Pointer
261
260 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 K3 Z5
MSOH
20 x 13 bytes per row C-4 140 Mbit/s
C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s

Page 49
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4

The figure shows one row of the VC-4
J1 W
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
X Y Y Y
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
Y Y Y X
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
Y Y X Y
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
Y X Y Z
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
X Y Y
=IIIIIIII
= RRRRRRRR
= CRRRROOO
= I I I I I I SR O = Overhead bit
I = Information bit S = Justification opportunity bit
R = Fixed stuffing bit C = Justification control bit
Page 50
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
9
RSOH
AU Pointer
261
260
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 K3 Z5 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
MSOH
fixed stuffing
VC-4 POH
J1 B3 J1 C2 B3 J1 G1 C2 B3 F2 G1 C2 H4 F2 G1 Z3 H4 F2 K3 Z3 H4 Z5 K3 Z3 Z5 K3 Z5
VC-3 #3 VC-3 #2 VC-3 #1
C3 C-3 34 Mbit/s
VC-3 POH
84
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s
Page 51
Mappings 2 Mbit/s
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2 TU-12
VC-12
Tu pointer
Page 52
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)

1 2
J1 B3
10...........................................261
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
C2 G1 F2 H4
MSOH
Z3 K3 Z5
S T U F F I N G S T U F F I N G
A B C A B C A
A B C
. ......
. ......
. ......
TUG-3 86 (A)
TUG-3 86 (B)
TUG-3 (C)
86
Page 53
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
TUG-3
S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
N P I
NPI: Null Pointer Indication 1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
E3 F3 G3
123 1231231 23
123 123123123
123 123123123
TUG-2 (A)
TUG-2 (B)
TUG-2 (G)
TU-12 #1
.....
TU-12 #3
TU-12 #1
.....
TU-12 #3
TU-12 #1
.....
TU-12s occupy TU-12 36 bytes per #3 frame
Page 54
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)

VC-12 Structure:
V5 R 32 bytes (32x8I) R J2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 bytes (32x8I) 140 Bytes R N2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 bytes (32x8I) V2 XXX XX10 H4 VC-4 POH V4
35 bytes in one VC-4
XXX XX00
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload V1
XXX XX01
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
Payload
VC-4 Payload V3
R K4 S2 I I I I I I I
32 bytes (32x8I) R 500 s
XXX XX11
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4 V5: VC-12 Path Overhead R: fixed stuffing bits XXX XX00 H4 Payload J2: Path Trace C1/2: Justification control bit VC-4 Payload O: Overhead bit N2: Network Operator byte K4: APS H4: Indicates the number of Vx S2: Justification opportunity bit Page 55 V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer I: Info-bit
VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH AU-4 Pointers
J1 B3 C2 G 1 F2
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
MSOH
C-4-4c
H4 F3 K3 N1
VC-4-4c
The first Pointer indicates J1 All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
4 x 261 bytes ATM Cell
Page 56
How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATM via 150 Mbit/s SDH ?

4x
Different delays for VC-4's?
VC4 VC4 150 Mbit/s VC4 150 Mbit/s VC4
150 Mbit/s 150 Mbit/s
?
600 Mbit/s VC-4-4c 622 Mbit/s
In Out
622 Mbit/s
Out In In Out Out In
STM-4c port
STM-4 port STM-4 port
STM-4c port
ATM switch SDH cross-connect for VC-4
ATM switch
Page 57
VC-4 virtual Concatenation (Generation)

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH AU-4 Pointers
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 F3 K3 K3 N1 N1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
MSOH
C-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes Generation: All Pointers are set to the same value All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4 All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
ATM Cell
Page 58
VC-4 virtual Concatenation (Termination)

J1 B3 VC-4 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
#1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
VC-4 #2
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
VC-4 #3
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
VC-4 #4
C-4-4vc
Termination: VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the (different) pointer values for alignment
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes ATM Cell
Page 59
SDH and SONET are International Standards

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
STM-N STS-3N AUG AU-4
STS-3C
VC-4
STS-3C SPE
C-4 x3 TUG-3 x7 C-3 x7
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
x1
TU-3
VC-3
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
x3 x1 STM-0 STS-1 AU-3 STS-1 VC-3

STS-1 SPE
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s E3 : 34.368 kbit/s DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
TUG-2 VT group
x1
TU-2 VT-6 TU-12
VC-2
VT-SPE
C-2
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

x4 VC-12
VT-SPE
x3
VT-2
C-12
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
TU-11 VT-1.5
VC-11
VT-SPE
C-11
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
SONET
BELLCORE GR.253 ANSI T1.105
SDH
ITU-T G.707
SDH
ETSI
Page 60
SDH Network Elements
Page 61
SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer
PDH & STM-m Tributaries (m<n) Applications: Point-to-Point Transmission Systems (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)
STM-n
SDH Repeater
STM-n STM-n Applications: Line Signal Regeneration in Point-to-Point and Ring Networks
Page 62
Add Drop Multiplexer
WEST
ADM
EAST
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
......
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
Page 63
Synchronous Cross Connect

2.4 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
16x
SDH 16x Multiplexer 4x 4x

155 Mbit/s
155 VC4 VC12
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 2 140
2 VC12 2 2 140 VC4

34
2 2 34 2 2 140
34 Mbit/s
VC12 VC12 VC4
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC 4 VC 3 VC 12
140
VC3
VC11 VC12
140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
VC3 VC12
2
Page 64
Synchronous Line Equipment

4
16 x 140 Mbit/s or
4 4 4
16 x STM-1
Sync MUX Management Communication Unit Service Channel Unit
Optical Transmit Unit
STM-16
PC / TMN (Q) Service Channels Data Channels

4
SLX 1/16
Overhead Processing Unit

4 4 4
16 x 140 Mbit/s or 16 x STM-1
Sync DEMUX
Optical Receive Unit
STM-16
Page 65
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
TM
STM-1
ADM
STM-1, STM-4 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/-16 ADM
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
2Mbit/s
Page 66
STM-4
SDH Network Topology

Trunk Network L1
Trunk Network L 2
STM-16
STM-1 Exchange
Trunk Network L2
Local Network
Local Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber Access
Mux 64/2M
Page 67
Synchronization Architecture in SDH
Page 68
Synchronization Network
Primary Reference Clock
long term: holdover 24h:
PRC
Caesium (Stratum 1)
requ : 1 x 10-11 typ : 5 x 10-12 Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10 typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11
SSU
SSU
Synchronization Supply Unit
SEC
SDH Equip.
SEC
SDH Equip.
SEC
SDH Equip.
SDH Equipment Clock
Page 69
Synchronization reference model
G.811 PRC
G.812 TNC
SSU
G.812 TNC
SSU
G.813 SEC
G.813 SEC
G.813 SEC
Limits: Max. Max. 10 x G.812 TNC 60 x G.813 SEC, though no more than 20 between 2 TNCs
Page 70
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements

SDH Network Element Internal Oscillator 4.6 ppm 2 Mbit/s Data Signal
155 Mbit/s Data Signal
Osc.
Synchronous SDH Signal 2 048 kHz Central Clock
Page 71
Hold-over mode
Phase error [ ns] 100000 10000 1000 100 10
0.01
100
10000
Observation interval [s]
Page 72
Hold-over measured values (TIE)
Page 73
Which Recommendations define Synchronization Networks

ITU-T Definitions Network Primary Reference Clocks Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.810 G.825 G.811 G.812 G.813 (G.81s) ANSI / Bellcore T1.101 / GR-253 T1.105 / GR-253 T1.101 T1.101 GR-253 ETSI ETS 300 462-1 ETS 300 462-3 ETS 300 462-6 ETS 300 462-4 ETS 300 462-5
Page 74
Monitoring, Maintenance and Control Functions in SDH
Page 75
EVENTS SDH
Phys./Reg. Sect.
LOS TSE LSS LTI OOF LOF B1 B2 MS-AIS MS-RDI MS-REI AU-LOP AU-NDF AU-AIS AU-PJE B3 HP-UNEQ HP-RDI HP-REI
HP-TIM HP-PLM TU-LOP TU-NDF TU-AIS TU-LOM BIP-2/B3 LP-RDI LP-REI LP-RFI LP-TIM LP-PLM LCD HCOR HUNC VP-AIS VP-RDI VC-AIS VC-RDI Vx-AIS Vx-RDI LOC
EVENTS SONET
Line (L) Phys./Section
LOS TSE LSS LTI OOF LOF B1 B2 AIS-L RDI-L REI-L LOP-P NDF-P AIS-P
B3 UNEQ-P RDI-P REI-P PDI-P TIM-P PLM-P LOP-V NDF-V AIS-V LOM UNEQ-V RDI-V REI-V RFI-V PDI-V TIM-V PLM-V
Higher Order Path Mux Sect.
Loss Of Signal Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) Loss of Sequence Synchron. Loss of incoming Timing Ref. Out Of Frame Loss Of Frame Regenerator Section BIP Err. Multiplex Section BIP Err. Multiplex Section AIS Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. Loss Of AU Pointer New Data Flag AU Pointer AU Alarm Ind. Signal AU Pointer Just. Event HO Path BIP Errors HO Path Unequipped HO Path Remote Defect Ind. HO Path Remote Error Ind.
HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch HO Path Payload Label Mism. Loss Of TU Pointer New Data Flag TU Pointer TU AIS Loss Of Multiframe LO Path BIP Errors LO Path Remote Defect Ind. LO Path Remote Error Ind. LO Path Remote Failure Ind. LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch LO Path Payload Label Mism. Loss of Cell Delineation Correctable Header Errors Uncorrectable Header Errors Virtual Path AIS Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication Virtual Channel AIS Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. Loss Of Continuity
STS Path (SP)
Loss Of Signal Test Sequence Error Loss of Sequence Synchr. Loss of inc. TimingRef Out Of Frame Loss Of Frame Section BIP Errors Line BIP Errors Line AIS Line remote Defect Ind. Line Remote Error Ind. SP Loss Of Pointer SP New Data Flag SP AIS
SP BIP Errors SP Unequipped SP Remote Deect. Ind. SP Remote ERrro Ind. SP Payload Defect Ind. SP Trace Ident. Mismatch SP Payload Label Mismatch VP Loss Of Pointer VP New Data Flag VP AIS Loss Of Multiframe VP Unequipped VP Remote Defect Ind. VP Remote Error Ind. VP Remote Failure Ind. VP Payload Defect Ind. VP Trace Ident. Mismatch VP Payload Label Mism. I.610 I.610 I.610 I.610 I.610 (O.191) (O.191) I.610
Lower Order Path
ATM Path
VT Path (VP)
Page 76
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission quality of a life STM-N signal !
RSOH
Payload MSOH B1: - Supervision of the whole STM-1 frame - Covers the regenerator sections of a transmission system B2: - Covers the multiplex sections (from network node to network node)
RSOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
RSOH Payload Payload
MSOH
B3: - Covers the transmission paths from beginning to the end (tributary to tributary)
Page 77
Parity Supervison Procedure

Transmit Side
frame n+1 frame n
BIP-8 Receive Side

frame n+1 frame n
B1
recalculation at Rx side
Comparison
with the Tx side value
BIP-8
B1
Page 78
How to Built a Parity Byte ?

Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered
Field width:

BIP-24: 24 bits (B2)

BIP-8: BIP-2: 8 bits (B1, B3) 2 bits (V5)
Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"

Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)
Byte 1 1 2 3 BIP-24 801
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
Byte 2
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Byte 3
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
even numbers of "1" 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
Page 79
SDH Maintenance Interactions

Regenerator Section (J0) (B1) (K2) (B2) (M1) (K2) LOS/LOF RS-TIM BIP Err. "1" AIS Multiplex Section Higher Order Path Lower Order Path
MS-AIS MS-BIP Err. MS-REI MS-RDI AU-AIS AU-LOP
"1"
AIS
"1"
(C2) (J1) (B3) (G1) (G1)
HP-UNEQ HP-TIM HP-BIP Err. HP-REI HP-RDI

TU-AIS TU-LOP LOM HP-PLM
"1" AIS
"1"
(H4) (C2) (V5) (J2) (V5) (V5) (V5) (V5)
LP-UNEQ LP-TIM LP-BIP Err. LP-REI LP-RDI LP-PLM
"1"
AIS
"1" AIS
Page 80
Maintenance Signal Definitions (1)

LOS OOF LOF B1 Error MS-AIS B2 Error MS-RDI MS-REI AU-AIS AU-LOP HP-UNEQ HP-TIM HP-SLM HP-LOM Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worse A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us If OOF persists of 3ms Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24 If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110 M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers C2="0" for 5 or more frames J1: Trace identifier mismatch C2: Signal label mismatch H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence
B3 Error HP-RDI HP-REI
Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3 G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors
Page 81
Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)

TU-AIS TU-LOP All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointer 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 frames LP-TIM LP-SLM BIP-2 Err LP-RDI LP-REI LP-RFI VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatch VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatch Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5) V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure received V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2 V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared LP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
Abbreviations: AU HP LOF LOM LOP LOS Administration unit High path Loss of frame Loss of multiframe Loss of pointer Loss of signal LP OOF REI RDI RFI SLM Low path Out of frame Remote error indication (FEBE) Remote defect indication (FERF) Remote failure indication Signal label mismatch TIM TU UNEQ VC C Trace identifier Tributary unit Unequipped Virtual container
Page 82
Perfomance Parameter
ITU-T G.821 ES Errored Second SES Severely Errored Second
Second with > 1 bit error Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3
ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second
Second with> 1errored block Second with > 30% errored blocks or > 1 defect Errored block, not occuring as part of SES
SES Severely Errored Second BBE Background Block Error
UAS
Unavailable Seconds:
10 sec Unavailability detected Unavailable Seconds < 10 sec 10 sec Availability detected Time
Page 83
New Parameter: Severly Errored Period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time
Severly Errored Period = 1 2
Unavailability
Severely Errored Second Error-free Second
Page 84
Jitter and Wander
Page 85
Jitter and Wander Definitions
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Jittered Signal
Jitter
Page 86
Sources of Jitter and Wander

Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter

Phase noise Delay variation Stuffing and wait time jitter Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter
Page 87
Jitter and Wander Measurement Method

Clock Input Jitter and Wander
Signal Input
Pattern
N
1
f
V
HP
LP
Clock
Result Evaluation
Filters Peak-to-Peak Detector
Pattern-Clock Converter
Frequency Divider
Phase Detector
Ext. Reference Clock Input (Wander Measurement)
f
V
~ 1 Hz
Phase Detector
Low Pass Filter
VCO
Reference Clock Generator (PLL)

Page 88
Jitter Measurement Filters

Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813 High pass1 High pass2 1.5 Mbps: 10 Hz 6 Mbps: 10 Hz 45 Mbps: 10 Hz 5.0 Uipp 3.0 Uipp 5.0 Uipp 8 kHz 3 kHz 30 kHz 0.1 Uipp 0.1 UIpp 0.1 UIpp Low pass 40 kHz 60 kHz 400 kHz 0.4 MHz 1.3 MHz 5 MHz 20 MHz 80MHz
Frequency / Hz
Amplitude / dB
Wander
OC-1 : 100 Hz 1.5 UIpp 20 kHz 0.15 UIpp OC-3 : 500 Hz1.5 UIpp 65 kHz 0.15 UIpp OC-12 : 1 kHz1.5 UIpp 250 kHz 0.15 UIpp OC-48 : 5 kHz1.5 UIpp 1 MHz 0.15 UIpp OC-192: 20kHz 1.5 UIpp 4 MHz 0.15 UIpp 10 Hz
Total Jitter
Jitter including lower Frequency Components
High Frequency Jitter
Page 89
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude

Jitter / UIpp
Jitter Amplitude (PP)
Time
Measurement Period
Page 90
Jitter and Wander Measurements

Network output jitter (G.825)
Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813) Jitter transfer function (G.958)
Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)
Page 91
WANDER Definitions
Wander
TIE MTIE TDEV
Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

"Time Interval Error" "Max. Time Interval Error" "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of integration time. Provides information about the spectral content.
TVAR "Time Variation", square of TDEV ADEV MADEV "Allen Deviation" "Modified Allen Deviation"
Page 92
TIE and MTIE Definitions

Wander / UI
Time variation against reference
TIE max
MTIE
TIE min
TIE at t End
Time Observation Period Start End
Page 93
Results (MTIE) compared to Standards
Page 94
Network resilience
Page 95
Linear Protection (G.783)

W P
W P
1 : 1 Protection scheme 1 + 1 Protection scheme
W W P
1 : N Protection scheme
Page 96
Linear Protection (G.783)

W P
W P
1 : 1 Protection scheme 1 + 1 Protection scheme
W W P
1 : N Protection scheme
Page 97
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings

Traffic A B ADM Traffic A B
ADM
B -> A A Traffic B A
A
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Traffic B A
ADM
ADM
longer path
Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B uses the entire length of ring
Bidirectional Ring
use the shorter or longer path increase number of paths short path traffic long path protection
Page 98
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring normal traffic from Node A D Unidirectional

Fiber 1
Unidirectional Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE F NODE E P NODE D
NODE C
W Working Line Protection Line
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring Working and Protection Failure Unidirectional

Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Unidirectional P Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Unidirectional P Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
2-Fiber MSPR Normal traffic flow from Node A D

Fiber 1 W W
Fiber 2 P
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
W
MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
2-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for Working and Protection Failure

Fiber 1 W W
Fiber 2 P
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
W
4-Fiber MSPR Normal traffic flow from Node A D

W W
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
W
4-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for working fiber break Node A D

W W
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
W
4-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for working and protection Fiber Failure
W
W
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
W
TMN in SDH networks
Page 108
Network Management
Basic tasks of network management:
Administrative functions:
Operation: additional links) Network supervising Network linking (anomalies, defects) (reserve links,
Maintenance:
Identifing and elimination of impairments
Planning and commissioning: Network configuration
Operative functions:
Supervision of network functions Repair Installation Self test
Page 109
TMN Overlay
Q
Central OS
Q Q
Local OS Q Q
ECC
CC
Q
ECC
CC
ADM ADM ADM ADM
Page 110
Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) Overlay

Management of:
Central OS
NE Manager
STM-N
Central OS
Q3
NE Local Manager OS Q3 QECC QECC

ADM
Q3
Performance Faults Configuration Accounting Security
Q3
DXC
ADM
STM-N
STM-N
DXC
ADM ADM
Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN
Page 111
TMN Reference Configuration

Operating System
OS
Q3
Data Communication Network
Workstation
DCN
Q3 Q3
Mediation Device
MD
Q2 or Q1
Local Communication Network
Workstation
LCN
Qx
Network Element Network Element
Workstation
NE
NE
MD: Conversion between different interfaces (Information Conversion Function ICF: manufacturer-specific information model -> operator specific information model)
Page 112
SDH Benefits
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility
Lower maintenance costs

built-in defect and anomaly monitoring
Future proof equipment

SDH is the physical layer for BISDN
Efficient drop / insert facilities

ADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)
TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
More flexibility in provision of services

adding transmission capacity by routing on demand
Page 113
Future Trends in Synchronous Technology
STM-256
Digital Wrapper AON
PoS
Page 114
Lets summarize !
Please name the PDH bitrates ! Please explain stuffing ! When will stuffing be applied ? What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ? What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ? Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ? Why not ? Please name the SDH bitrates ! Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
Page 115
Lets summarize !
Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !
What is a parity byte ?

Please explain the way to build a parity byte ! Which parity bytes do you know ? Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ? What is a pointer ? What is a pointer used for ?
Page 116
Lets summarize !
Please name the SDH network elements !
What are they used for ? Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE ! What is a holdover mode ? Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ? Please explain Jitter and Wander ! How can jitter be defined ? Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ? Please explain the term TDEV ?
Page 117
Lets summarize !
Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !
Explain these measurements !

Please explain the methods of linear protection ! What kind of ring structures do you know ? What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ? How is the TMN interface called ? Please explain DWDM !
Page 118

9-sdh All

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

9-sdh All

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Global Market Management

2. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

3. Bit rates, frame structure and interface

3.2 STM-1 frame structure

4.3 The Path Overhead (POH)

5. SDH Network Elements

6. Synchronization architecture in SDH

6.5 Recommendations for Synchronisation

9. Future Trends in SDH

Current Transmission Technologies

The Telephone System

Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal

Quantization Level 112 96 80 64 48 32

Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding

-V In accordance with CCITTs A-law

PCM Signal Data Rate

8000 samples per sec

8 bits per sample

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

PDH Systems Worldwide

6312 kbit/s 2. order

1544 kbit/s primary rate

PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

64 kbit/s Data Signals

8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

0.3 to 3.1 kHz AF signals

139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)

PCMX 30 15 kHz Sound Program Signals

DSMX 8/34 Channel Capacity: 64 x 30 = 1920

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

FAS (frames 0,2,4...)

Sa NFAS 8 (frames 1,3,5...)

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

FAS (frames 0,2,4...)

Sa NFAS 8 (frames 1,3,5...)

a b c d signalling subscr. n+15

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125s

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

FAS (frames 0,2,4...)

Sa NFAS 8 (frames 1,3,5...)

a b c d signalling subscr. n+15

sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1

Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:

256 x 8 bit = 2048 bit

256 x 8 bit C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 2048 bit

Plesiochronous Hierarchies Frame Structures

Plesiochronous Hierarchies Frame Structures

PDH Maintenance Signals

LOS LOF AIS

BER 10-3 BER 10-6

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

Line Terminating Unit

Drop & Insert Station