By Mrs Siti Marziah bt Mohd Dani, Biology Teacher MRSM Kubang Pasu

HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN

3.4

Synthesizing the concept of homeostasis in humans

A student is able to :

1) explain the necessity to maintain an optimal physical and chemical condition in the internal environment 2) state the meaning of homeostasis 3) design an experiment to study the effect of different quantities of water intake on urine output 4) relate changes in blood osmotic pressure to urine output 5) describe the formation of urine 6) Relate the formation of urine to excretion

The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)

Recall!! 1. Internal environment 2. The physical conditions of internal environment 3. The chemical conditions of internal environment. 4. Homeostasis

The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)

The importance to have homeostasis 1. To ensure the physiological and metabolic processes in the body can proceed in optimum rates 2. To ensure the growth and development processes occur normally 3. To allow the organism to adjust to the changes in the external environment 4. To make the organism less depending to the external environment to survive

State The Meaning Of Homeostasis (LO) Homeostasis is defined as a process to maintain a constant internal environment that involved the regulation of the physical and chemical factors /

Homeostasis didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses pengekalan persekitaran dalaman yang stabil dengan melibatkan pengawalaturan faktor fizikal dan kimia.

Test your brain!!

1. What is internal environment ? Apakah itu persekitaran dalaman?
A. Environment where blood flow / persekitaran di mana darah B. C. D.

mengalir Environment where gaseos exchange occur / persekitaran di mana pertukaran gas berlaku Environment where the cells live / persekitaran di mana sel-sel hidup Environment where metabolic reactions take place / persekitaran di mana tindak balas berlaku Answer / Jawapan : C

Test your brain!!

2.Which of the following are the physical factors that need to be regulate ?Manakah antara berikut adalah faktor fizikal yang perlu dikawalatur?
A. Body temperature / suhu badan B. Salt and sugar level in blood / tahap garam dan gula dalam darah C. Partial pressure of oxygen / tekanan separa oksigen D. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide / tekanan separa karbon dioksida

Answer / Jawapan : A

Test your brain!!

3. What make the internal environment in human body?Apakah yang membina persekitaran dalaman dalam tubuh manusia?
A. Interstitial fluid and cells / cecair interstitial dan sel B. Interstitial fluid and lymph / cecair interstitial dan

bendalir limfa C. Blood and lymph / darah dan bendalir limfa D. Interstitial fluid and blood / cecair interstitial dan darah Answer / Jawapan : D

Homeostasis in Human
Both the nervous system and the endocrine system communicate and work together to maintain a stable

internal environment within the tolerable limits If communication between both system is by hormones, then the effectors are target organs/ If communication is by nerve impulses, then the effectors are the muscles or glands In most condition, homeostasis is achieved by using negative feedback mechanism In contrast of the negative feedback mechanism, there is positive feedback mechanism

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ?
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM -A corrective mechanism that returning the body system to normal condition after undergo changes

-The changes can either involving : a physical or chemical factors in the system ( internal environment) -excess / increase or deficiency / decrease in rates or amount or value -Examples will be discussed more in the following tutorial -an example is insulin which is secreted by islets of Langerhans in pancreas to liver through blood vessels to control blood glucose level

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (controlling the high blood glucose levels)

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (controlling the low blood glucose levels)

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ?
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM -A mechanism that intensifies any changes that occur -Tend to proceed in the same direction as the initial stimulus and no reversing back to return to normal condition -Usually harmful and rare

Example : the release of hormone oxytoxin which stimulate and intensifies uterine contraction during labour

Relate Changes In Blood Osmotic Pressure To Urine Output

Water content of the blood LOW

Water content of the blood HIGH

Too much water drunk Too much salt or sweating

Brain produces More ADH

Water content of the blood normal

Brain produces Less ADH

Low volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

High volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

Urine output LOW

(small volume of Concentrated urine)

Urine output HIGH

(large volume of dilute urine)

The kidney

5 Functions of the kidneys

1. kidneys help to regulate the balance of 2. 3. 4.

5.

water and salt in the body (Primary function) Regulating blood osmotic presssure, blood ionic level, blood pressure and blood pH Control the blood volume Excrete waste products from metabolic reaction such as urea and creatinine (from breakdown of amino acids) and uric acid (from breakdown of nucleic acids) Excrete foreign substances from diet such as drugs and toxins

Excretion by the Kidney

Urea

-nitrogenous waste -made by liver -excess amino acids in blood -toxic

Why must nitrogenous waste be excreted?

1 Filtration by the Kidney

Supplied with blood from renal artery The renal artery divides into smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the afferent arteriol Inside it splits into many fine capillaries (tangle capillary network called glomerulus) Each capillary supplies blood to hundreds of thousands of tiny filtration units called nephrons

Renal artery Renal vein

Lets have a look at a nephron!!!

Ureter

Kidney structure and Nephron

Test your brain!!

1. What is the name of the outer layer of kidney? Apakah nama lapisan luar buah pinggang? A. Medulla / medula B. Cortex / korteks C. Pelvis / pelvis D. Nephrone / nefron Answer / Jawapan : B
2. Afferent arteriole will divide to form . Arteriol aferen akan membahagi membentuk
A. B.

Efferent capillaries / kapilari eferen Afferent capillaries / kapilari aferen

C.

Peritubular capillaries / kapilari peritubular

D. Glomerulus / glomerulus Answer / Jawapan : D

Nephron (functional unit of kidney)

Consists of 3 major part: 1)Glomerulus 2)Bowman s capsule 3)A long, narrow tube called renal tubules -The proximal convoluted tubule -The loop of Henle -The distal convoluted tubule The distal convoluted tubules of several tubules of several nefrons join to a common collecting duct three basic processes:

1.Ultrafiltration, 2.reabsorption, 3. secretion.

Structure of nephron

Label

Prepared by Mahadiah Muda. GC BIO SESERI

Glomerulus
The glomerulus is the main filter of the nephron and is located within the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus resembles a twisted mass of tiny tubes through which the blood passes. The glomerulus is semi permeable, allowing water and soluble wastes to pass through into a capsular space as glomerular filtrate The filtered blood passes out of the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole. Each efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries around the kidney tubules.

Bowman's capsule.

Bowmans capsule is made up of 2 layers of

cells and the space between the two layers of cells is called capsular space The cells that make up the inner wall of Bowmans capsule is called podocytes

1. Ultrafiltration
Occurs at glomerulus.
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

causes many constituent of the blood to be filtered out . It is because

-The blood is from the first branch of aorta -The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter compared to efferent arteriole

From glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule

1.

Glomerulus brings a large surface area of blood capillaries in close contact with Bowmans capsule Liquid filtered from blood under high pressure (ultrafiltration) Glomerular filtrate produced containing: -water -glucose -salts -urea

Blood from renal artery enters wide capillary

2.

3.

UitraFiltration

Blood travels through narrow capillary towards rena vein

Glomerular filtrate

(Protein molecules and red blood cells do not pass into tubule as they are TOO BIG!!!!)

Think and recall!!!

Which feature of the glomerulus helps the process of filtration? Which 4 components of filtered blood appear in the glomerular filtrate?
Why do red blood cells and protein molecules

not appear in the glomerular filtrate?

Test your brain!!

1. Composition of glomerular filtrate are more similar to Komposisi hasil turasan glomerular adalah lebih menyamai . A. Blood plasma / plasma darah B. Lymph / Bendalir limfa C. Interstitial fluid / Cecair interstitial D. Mucus / mukus Answer / Jawapan : C

Test your brain!!

2. Which of the following substances present in the glomerular filtrate?
Antara bahan-bahan yang berikut yang manakah hadir dalam hasil

turasab glomerular?
I. II. III.

Hormones / hormon-hormon Salt / garam Fibrinogen / fibrinogen

IV.
A. B. C.

Red blood cell / sel darah merah

I and II / I dan II I and III / I dan III I, II and III / I, II dan III

D. I, II, III and IV / I, II, III dan IV Answer / Jawapan : A Hormones is small molecules wheres fibrinogen is one example of

plasma protein / Hormon adalah molekul yang kecil manakala fibrinogen adalah contoh protein plasma

Key Words!!
Nephron: structure in the kidney that acts as a microscopic filtration unit
Glomerulus: dense mass of very fine blood capillaries at the nephron that act as a filter Bowmans capusle: cup-shaped part of the nephron that holds a glomerulus and collects the products of filtration from it

Glomerular filtrate: liquid removed from the blood by filtration in the kidney

2 Reabsorption from renal tubule to capillary network

Over 99% of the filtrate will be reabsorbed into blood system

through the network of capillaries surrounding the renal tubule to maintain the balance of water in human body If nothing more happened in the nephron then all the useful stuff would be lost in the urine! Therefore, glucose, water and some salts need to be reabsorbed! There are substances that are not reabsorb such as waste products like creatinine, toxins, drugs and also water or any solutes present in the body in excess
REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE USEFUL SUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE DIFFUSE ACROSS THE WALLS OF RENAL TUBULE BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY NETWOK.

2 Reabsorption

2 Reabsorption

2 Reabsorption

More water reabsorbed Glucose reabsorbed

Final urine containing:

-excess water
-unneeded salts -waste urea

Variable amounts of water and salts reabsorbed and filtrate gradually turning into urine

Think.
Which three components of the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed? Why is it important for these to be reabsorbed?
Which substances are present in the final

urine?

Test your brain!!

1. What is rebsorption ?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan

penyerapan semula?
A. A process where substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back

into capillaries network / proses di mana bahan-bahan dalam hasil turasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari
B. A process where waste substances from blood are secreted out into

the filtrate / process di mana bahan buangan dalam darah dirembeskan keluar ke dalam hasil turasan
C. A process where waste substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed

back into capillaries network / proses di mana bahan-bahan buangan dalam hasil turasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari
D. A process where substances from blood are filtrated out into the

capsular space / process di mana bahan-bahan dalam darah dituras keluar ke dalam ruang kapsular
Answer / Jawapan : A

Test your brain!!

2.Which of the following are the sites for reabsorption ? Antara berikut yang manakah adalah tempat berlakunya penyerapan semula? I. Bowmans capsule / kapsul Bowman II. Proximal convoluted tubule / tubul berlingkar proksimal III. Loop of Henle / liku Henle IV. Pelvis renal / renal pelvis A. I and II / I dan II B. II and III / I dan III C. III and IV/ III dan IV D. I and IV / I dan IV Answer / Jawapan : B

Test your brain!!

3. Which of the following substances are reabsorb into network of capillaries? Antara bahan-bahan berikut yang manakah diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari ? I. Urea / urea II. Creatinine / kreatinin III. Water / air IV. Potassium ions / ion potasium A. I and II / I dan II B. II and III / I dan III C. III and IV/ III dan IV D. I and IV / I dan IV Answer / Jawapan : C

Test your brain!!

4. Which of the match between substances and its method of transport below is true ? Manakah pasangan yang benar antara bahan dengan cara pengangkutannya? A. Water Osmosis / Air - Osmosis B. Amino acids Simple diffusion / Asid amino - Peresapan ringkas C. Glucose Osmosis / Glukosa - Osmosis D. Sodium ions Facilitated diffusion / Ion sodium Peresapan berbantu Answer / Jawapan : A

Test your brain!!

5. What will happen if glucose is not reabsorb? Apakah yang akan berlaku sekiranya glukosa tidak diserap semula? A. Use by the kidney / digunakan oleh buah pinggang B. Store in the renal tubules / disimpan di dalam tubul-tubul renal C. Blood glucose level decrease / tahap glukosa dalam darah menurun D. Eliminate through urine / disingkirkan melalui air kencing Answer / Jawapan : D

Test your brain!!

6. Name the condition where glucose remains in the urine of a diabetes patient? Namakan keadaan di mana glukosa kekal di dalam air kencing pesakit kencing manis? A. Hypoglycemia / hipoglisemia B. Hyperglycemia / hiperglisemia C. Glycosuria / glikosuria D. Diabetes insipidus / diabetes insipidus Answer / Jawapan : C

Test your brain!!

7. Which of the following substances are still reabsorbed at the Loop of Henle ? Antara berikut yang manakah bahan yang masih diserap semula di Liku Henle? I. Urea / urea II. Water / air III. Sodium ion / ion sodium IV. Glucose / glukosa A. I and II / I dan II B. II and III / I dan III C. III and IV/ III dan IV D. I and IV / I dan IV Answer / Jawapan : B

3.The Formation of Urine Secretion

REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE USEFUL

SUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE DIFFUSE ACROSS THE WALLS OF RENAL TUBULE BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY NETWOK. Whereas SECRETION IS A PROCESS WHERE WASTE AND EXCESS SUBSTANCES THAT WERE NOT INITIALLY FILTERED DURING ULTRAFILTRATION ARE SECRETED INTO THE RENAL TUBULE FROM CAPILLARY NETWORK

3.The Formation of Urine Secretion

Initially, only 20% of plasma is filtered into

the renal tubule during ultrafiltration Hence, there still waste and excess substances present in the blood / That is why, we need secretion to secreted these molecules into renal tubule Secretion also takes place along renal tubule but most active at the distal convoluted tubule

3.The Formation of Urine Secretion

Role of secretion :
1. Eliminate and increase the rate of waste

removal from the body / 2. Regulate blood levels of certain ions / 3. Regulate chemical constituency of blood

3.The Formation of Urine Secretion

Secretion like reabsorption involve both passive and active 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

transport Examples of substances that are secreted : Hydrogen ions (H+) Potassium ions (K+) Ammonia (NH3) Urea Creatinine Toxins Certain drugs

6) Relatesystem the formation of urine to Urinary excretion (LO) 1. From the

collecting duct, Urine is channeled to the pelvis and to the ureters

Test your brain!!

1.Which of the following is the true pathway for excretion of urine? Manakah antara beikut merupakan laluan yang betul untuk penyingkiran air kencing ? A. Urethra-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urinary bladder / UretraUreter-Renal pelvis-Pundi kencing B. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urethra-Urinary bladder / Renal pelvis-Ureter-Uretra-Pundi kencing C. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urinary bladder-Urethra / Renal pelvis-Ureter-Pundi kencing-Uretra D. Urinary bladder-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urethra / Pundi kencing-Ureter-Renal pelvis-Uretra Answer / Jawapan : C

3.4

Synthesizing the concept of homeostasis in humans

A student is able to :

1. describe briefly the mechanism of osmoregulation 2. predict the consequences of impaired kidney function

1.

OSMOREGULATION

1.

OSMOREGULATION

Osmoregulation is achieved by 1. Maintaining the blood volume 2. Maintaining the blood osmotic pressure / 3. Regulating the volume of urine production /

Osmoregulation will involve the negative feedback mechanism

Is achieve by regulating the salts and water balance in

the body = blood osmotic pressure The hormone that involved in osmoregulation is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone hormone.

1.

OSMOREGULATION

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) -increases the permeability of the walls of RENAL TUBULES towards the reabsorption of water to blood capillary. ALDOSTERONE HORMONE

- Increase the permeability of the walls of renal

tubule towards the reabsorption of salts to the blood capillary

1.

OSMOREGULATION

1.

OSMOREGULATION

How does it work?

Test your brain!!

1. What is osmotic blood pressure ? Apakah yang dimaksudkan tekanan osmotic darah ?
A.

Pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatu cecair untuk mencegah pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membran separa telap Pressure that must be applied to a solution to allow the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatu cecair untuk membenarkan pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membran separa telap Pressure that must be applied to maintain the content of water in blood / tekanan yang perlu untuk mengekalkan kandungan air dalam darah molecule in blood occur normally / tekanan yang perlu untuk memastikan proses osmosis molekul air dalam darah berlaku secara normal

B.

C.

D. Pressure that must be applied to make sure the osmosis process for water

Answer / Jawapan : A

Test your brain!!

2. Which of the following can increase the osmotic blood pressure ? Antara berikut yang manakah akan meningkatkan tekanan osmotik darah? I. sweating / berpeluh II. haemorrhage / perdarahan III. drinking plenty of water / minum air dengan kuantiti yang banyak IV. eating / makan A. I and II / I dan II B. II and III / I dan III C. III and IV/ III dan IV D. I and IV / I dan IV Answer / Jawapan : A

Test your brain!!

3. Which receptor detects changes in blood osmotic pressure? Reseptor yang manakah mengesan tekanan osmotik darah? A. Chemoreceptor / kimoreseptor B. Photoreceptor / fotoreseptor C. Baroreceptor / baroreseptor D. Osmoreceptor / osmoreseptor Answer / Jawapan : D

Test your brain!!

4. Which of the following statement is true regarding the corrective mechanism to decrease the osmotic pressure to normal value ?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut adalah benar berkenaan mekanisma

pembetulan bagi menurunkan tekanan osmotik darah ke tahap yang normal?

A.

Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete aldostrone / Kelenjar pituitary akan dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon aldostron dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon ADH

B. Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete ADH / Kelenjar pituitary akan C. Urine formed in large volume and more concentrated / Air kencing yang

terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan lebih pekat

D. Urine formed in large volume and less concentrated / Air kencing yang

terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan kurang pekat

Answer / Jawapan : B

Test your brain!!

5. Which of the following does not involve in the corrective mechanism of osmoregulation? Manakah antara beikut tidak terlibat dalam mekanisma pembetulan dalam pengosmokawalaturan? A. Adrenal gland / kelenjar adrenal B. Pituitary gland / kelenjar pituitari C. Osmoreceptor / osmoreceptor D. Urinary bladder / Pundi kencing Answer / Jawapan : D

THE CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION

Kidneys can become damaged due injury or

diseases Examples of diseases that can damage the kidneys are diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. Both diseases damage the glomerular capillaries. A person can survive with one kidney if the other one is damaged but if both kidney failed to function, blood osmotic pressure and blood volume cannot be maintained and the will be excessive waste products present in human body that can be dangerous to health.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION

Kidneys failure can be treated : 1. Kidney transplant 2. Haemodialysis

1. HAEMODIALYSIS

1. HAEMODIALYSIS
Haemodialysis is a process of filtering blood

from the patients artery to remove metabolic waste using artificial means such as a machine which contains a dialyser (artificial kidney) The dialyser has two spaces separated by a semi-permeable membrane Blood presents and passes on one side of the membrane and the sterile dialysis solution (dialysis fluid) presents and passes on the other side

1. HAEMODIALYSIS
The concentration of the dialysis fluid is similar to the blood plasma. In other words ,it is isotonic to the blood plasma The concentration gradient between the blood and the dialysis solution is created so that the waste molecules or metabolic waste

from the blood can diffuse through the semipermeable membrane into the dialysis solution

1. HAEMODIALYSIS
The dialysis fluid is constantly flowing and changed

regularly to remove waste substances and to maintain the concentration gradient between the patients blood and the dialysis fluid

1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
1. During haemodialysis / semasa hemodialisis 2.Blood from the radial artery in patients arm is pumped into dialysis machine to be filtered /

darah dari arteri radial dari tangan pesakit akan dipam ke dalam mesin dialysis untuk ditapis

1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
3. In the machine, any waste substances that has higher concentration than the normal level or any waste product that are not present in the dialysis fluid will diffuse out of the blood into the dialysis solution / di dalam mesin tersebut, sebarang

bahan yang hadir di dalam darah dan melepasi tahap normal atau bahan buangan yang tidak ada di dalam bendalir dialisis akan meresap keluar dari darah ke dalam bendalir dialisis.

1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
Precaution on the procedure / langkah-langkah

keselamatan yang diambil sepanjang prosedur:

-Heparin is added into the blood to prevent cotting / heparin ditambah ke dalam daarh -The dialysis fluid is maintained at body temperature (370C)/ bendalir dialisis dikekalkan

untuk mengelakkan pembekuan darah

pada suhu badan (370C)

Usually a patient need to undergo a

treatment of dialysis for about 4-6 hours and twice per week.

 Why the dialysis fluid need to flow and change continuously ?

Mengapa bendalir dialisis perlu mengalir dan

ditukar secara berterusan? To balance the osmotic pressure of blood / untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan osmotik darah To remove the waste substances / untuk menyingkirkan bahan buangan To change the concentration gradient to a

 HAEMODIALYSIS

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
1. Involve an operation to transplant a healthy kidney 2. 3.

4. 5.

from a donor into a patient. Most likely to be successful if the kidney comes from an identical twin (the donor) If person does not have an identical twin, the next best donor is the one that have the same blood type (A/B/AB/O) and suitable. There is a risk that the patient (recipient) reject the transplanted organ The patient is injected with medicine to conteract organ rejection by the patients body