Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By Mark Hirschey
Pricing Practices
Chapter 15
Chapter 15 OVERVIEW
Pricing Rules-of-thumb Markup Pricing And Profit Maximization Price Discrimination Price Discrimination Example Multiple-product Pricing Joint Products Joint Product Pricing Example Transfer Pricing Global Transfer Pricing Example
competitive market pricing rule-of-thumb imperfectly competitive pricing rule-of-thumb markup on cost profit margin optimal markup on cost markup on price optimal markup on price Lerner Index of Monopoly Power price discrimination
market segment first-degree price discrimination second-degree price discrimination third-degree price discrimination by-product common costs vertical relation vertical integration transfer pricing
Pricing Rules-of-thumb
Competitive Markets
= MR - MC = 0, or MR=MC, to maximize profits. In competitive markets, P=MR, so profit maximization requires setting P=MR= MC. With imperfect competition, P > MR, so profit maximization requires setting MR=MC.
Markup on cost uses cost as a basis. Markup pricing is an efficient means for achieving the profit maximization objective. Optimal markup on cost = -1/(P + 1)
Markup on price uses price as a basis. Optimal markup on price = -1/P
Price Discrimination
Profit-Making Criteria
Price discrimination exists if P1/P2 MC1/MC2. Ability to segment the market. Multiple markets with no reselling. Price elasticity of demand differs across submarkets.
First degree: Different prices for each consumer.
Second degree: Block-rates or quantity discounts. Third degree: Different prices by customer age, sex, income, etc. (most common).
Price/Output Determination
One-price Alternative
Graphic Illustration
Multiple-product Pricing
Demand Interrelations
Cross-marginal revenue terms indicate how product revenues are related to another.
Joint products may compete for resources or be complementary. A by-product is any output customarily produced as a direct result of an increase in the production of some other output.
Production Interrelations
Joint Products
If products are produced in variable proportions, treat as distinct products. For joint products produced in variable proportions, set MRA=MCA and MRB=MCB. Common costs are joint product expenses.
Profit-maximization requires setting MRQ=MRA+MRB=MCQ. Marginal revenue from each byproduct makes a contribution toward covering MCQ.
Transfer Pricing
Pricing transfer of products among divisions of a single firm can become complicated.
Marginal cost is the appropriate transfer price. Market price is the optimal transfer price.
Optimal transfer price is the marginal revenue derived from combined internal and external markets.