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Definitions and Application Principle of Distillation Boiling Point of Liquid Mixture Important points concerning vapor pressure Processing Sequence Type of Column Internals Type of Distillation Columns
refineries, food and pharmaceutical industries. It can be operated as: o Batch mode for small or laboratory scale o Continues for large or industrial mode.
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Vapor Pressure, P
P < P atm
P P atm
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once cooled, will recondense to a liquid known as the distillate The complete process is called a distillation
mixture of two liquids will have a boiling point that is between the boiling points of the pure liquids
PA = PoA YA
Where: PA is the partial pressure of component A PoA is vapor pressure of pure component A YA is the mole fraction of component A in mixture
the surrounding pressure Liquids with high vapour pressures (volatile liquids) will boil at lower temperatures The vapour pressure and hence the boiling point of a liquid mixture depends on the relative amounts of the components in the mixture
Processing Sequence
Fractionation
systems have different objectives. The major processing objectives set the system type and the equipment configuration needed. The common objectives include removing a light component from a heavy product, removing a heavy component from a light product, making two products, or making more than two products. We will call these major categories are called stripping, rectification, fractionation, and complex fractionation.
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Processing Sequence
Stripping
systems remove light material from a heavy product. Rectification systems remove heavy material from a light product. Fractionation systems remove a light material from a heavy product and a heavy material from a light product at the same time.
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Processing Sequence
Complex
fractionation makes multiple products from either a single tower or a complex of towers combined with recycle streams between them. A good example of a multiple product tower is a refinery crude distillation tower making rough cuts of naphtha (gasoline), kerosene (jet fuel), and diesel from the same tower. A good example of a complex tower with internal recycle streams is a Petlyck (baffle) tower making three on-specifications products from the same tower.
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Trays force a rising vapor to bubble through a pool of descending liquid. Packing creates a surface for liquid to spread on. The thin liquid film has a high surface area for mass-transfer between the liquid and vapor.
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Disadvantages:
large amounts of material long residence times
Advantages:
More stages improve separation
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Boil the mixture, condense the vapour and collect the distillate. Repeat the procedure until the desired purity is obtained.
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2. Batch Distillation
When the still is operating, as the
top product will be relatively rich in the more volatile component, the liquid at the bottom will become steadily weaker in this component. As a result, the purity of the top product will fall. To counter this fall off in purity, one of the following procedures can be considered: 1. The reflux ratio is gradually increased, or 2. If, say, 90 % purity is required, set column to initially operate at 95 % purity and run until purity is at some value less than 90%, say 85%, so that overall the product distilled is at 90% purity, as an average.
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3. Flash Distillation
In flashing operation a liquid is introduced into a chamber at a pressure below that of the vapor pressure of the feed liquid. A portion of the liquid immediately vaporises or flashes, hence the name.
Used on a large scale in petroleum refining Not effective for separating closely boiling mixtures
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column required to provide one theoretical plate of separation is known as the height equivalent theoretical plate (HETP)
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RECTIFYING section removes less volatile components from vapour (vapour is enriched in the volatile component)
Section below feed: STRIPPING
section the volatile component is stripped from liquid Top product DISTILLATE
Bottom product
RESIDUE or BOTTOMS.
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5. Extractive Distillation
The method is used for mixtures having a low value of relative volatility. Such mixtures cannot be separated by simple distillation. The method of extractive distillation uses a separation solvent, which is generally nonvolatile, has a high boiling point (bp) and is miscible with the mixture. The solvent interacts differently with the components of the mixture thereby causing their relative volatilities to change. This enables the new three-part mixture to be separated by normal distillation. The solvent will increase the difference in the boiling points by increasing the BP of one of the components. An example is the separation of toluene (boiling point=110.8 C) from paraffin hydrocarbons E.g. Isooctane (boiling point=99.3 C) using phenol (boiling point=181.4 C) as a solvent, where the isooctane relative volatility increases.
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6. Azeotropic Distillation
Azeotropic systems are those where the vapor and the liquid reach the same composition at some point in the distillation. No further separation can occur. Ethanol-water is a perfect example. Once ethanol composition reaches 95% (at atmospheric pressure), no further ethanol purification is possible.
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Conclusion
thank you for your attention
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Presented by :
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