TRANSMISSION

It is the mechanism through which the driving torque of the engine is transmitted to the driving wheel of the vehicle so that the motor vehicle can move on the road. The reciprocating motion of the piston turns a crankshaft rotating the flywheel through the connecting rod. The circular motion of the crank shaft is now to be transmitted to the rear wheels. It is transmitted through the clutch, gear box, universal joints, propeller shaft or drive shaft, differential & axles extending to the wheels. The application of engine power to the driving wheels through all these parts is called POWER TRANSMISSION. The power system is usually the same on all modem passenger cars & trucks, but its arrangement may vary according to the method of drive & type of the transmission units.

HOW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WORKS? Fig. shows the power transmission system of an automobile. The motion of the crankshaft is transmitted through the clutch to the gear box transmission, which consists of a set of gears to change the speed. From gear box the motion is transmitted to the propeller shaft through an universal joint. Universal joint is used where the two rotating shafts are connected at an angle for power transmission. Finally, the power is transmitted to the rear wheels through rear axles. The differential provides relative motion to the two rear wheels while vehicle is taking turn, thus the power developed inside the cylinder is transmitted to the rear wheels through a system of transmission.

THE PURPOSE OF TRANSMISSION ARE 1. It enables the engine to be disconnected from the driving wheels. 2. It enables the running engine to be connected to the driving wheel smoothly & without shock. 3. It enables the leverage between the engine & the driving wheels to be varied. 4. It enables the reduction of engine speed in the ratio of 4:1. In case of passenger cars & in a greater ratio in case of lorries. 5. It enables the turning of drive through 90o 6. It enables the driving wheels to be driven at different speeds. 7. It enables the relative movement betwccn the enginc & the driving wheel is due to flexing of the road springs.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS The various types of transmission system are classified into three main types as under:1) Mechanical transmission. 2) Hydraulic transmission a) Hydrodynamic b) Hydrostatic 3) Electrical & electromagnetic. Out of the above three types, mechanical type transmission is the most common. Numerous types of mechanical transmission are used in different types of automobiles. They can be classified into three types as under, a) Clutch, gear box & Live axle transmission. b) Clutch, gear box & dead axle transmission. c) Clutch, gear box & axle less transmission. Different parts of the power transmission system will be discussed in the following chapters.

CLUTCH Clutch is a device used in the transmission system of a motor vehicle to engage and disengage the engine to the transmission. Thus the clutch is located between the engine & the transmission.

REQUIREMENTS OF CLUTCH 1) Torque transmission :- The clutch should be able to transmit maximum torque of the engine. 2) Gradual Engagement :- The clutch should engage gradually to avoid sudden jerks. 3) Heat dissipation :- The clutch should be able to dissipate large amount of heat which is generated during the clutch operation due to friction., 4) Dynamic balancing :- Clutch should be dynamically balanced particularly required in case of high speed engine clutches. 5) Vibration damping :- Suitable mechanism should be incorporated within the clutch, to eliminate noise produced in the transmission. 6) Size The clutch should be as small as possible in size so that it will occupy minimum space. 7) Free pedal play :- The clutch should have free pedal plag in order to reduce effective load on the carbon thrust bearing & wear on it. 8) Easy in operation :- The clutch should be easy to operate requiring as little exertion as possible on the part of drive. 9) Lightness :- The driven member of the clutch should be made as light as possible so that it will not continue to rotate for any length of time after the clutch has been disengaged.

MAIN PARTS OF A CLUTCH :- The main parts of a clutch are divided into three groups. 1) Driving members 2) Driven members 3) Operating members Driving Members :- It consists of a flywheel mounted on the engine crankshaft. The flywheel is bolted to covers which carries a pressure plate or driving disc, pressure springs & releasing levers. This entire assembly of flywheel & cover rotate all the times. Driven members :- Consists of a disc or plate called the clutch plate which carries friction material on both of its surface. Operating members :- Consists of a foot pedal, linkage release or thrown-out bearing. Release levers & the springs necessary to insure proper operation of clutch.

TYPES OF FRICTION MATERIALS:- The friction materials of the clutch plate are generally of three types. 1) Mill board type. 2) Moulded type. 3) Woven type. Mill board type includes asbestos sheet treated with different types of impregnats, Cheap & quite satisfactory in operation. Moulded type friction materials are made from a matrix of asbestos fiber & starch or any other suitable binding material. Woven type facing materials are made by impregnating a cloth with certain binders or by wearing threads of brass or copper wires covered with long fibers asbestos & cotton. The woven sheet treated with binding solution are baked & rolled. The most common friction materials are: 1) Leather :- Co-efficient of friction ( ji ) = 0.27 2) Cork :- Co-efficient of friction ( t) = 0.32 3) Fabric :- Co-efficient of friction ( i) = 0.40 4) Asbestos:-Co-efficient of friction ( t) = 0.20 5) Reybestos & Ferado :- Co-efficient of friction ( i) = 0.20

PROPERTIES OF GOOD CLUTCH LINING :- OR ( FACING) Good wearing properties. High Co-efficient of friction. High resistance to heat. Good binder in it. Cheaper & easy to manufacture.

TYPES OF CLUTCHES 1) Friction clutch a) Single plate clutch b) Multiplate clutch i) wet ii) dry c) Cone clutch i) external ii) internal 2) Centrifugal clutch 3) Semi-centrifugal clutch 4) Conical spring clutch or diaphragm clutch a) Tapered finger type b) crown spring type 5) Positive clutch- Dog & spline clutch 6) Hydraulic clutch 7) Electro-magnetic clutch