2G Cellular Networks GSM and IS95

April 15, 2013

Classification Of Existing Systems

Technologies TDMA/FDMA GSM (European Standard) IS 136 (U.S Standard) PDC (Japnese Standard) IS 95 (U.S Standard) CDMA

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Evolution Chart
Service type Narrow Band 1G 2G Multi media Wide Band 3G

Broad Band 4G

Voice

Analog AMPS

Digital IS 95 IS 136 GSM

~64kbps 1990

IMT 2000

Wireless Internet Mobile system

~ 24kbps 1980

~2Mbps 2000 Years

~20Mbps 2010
3

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Access technology
PN Code Freq Freq Freq

Time

Time

Time CDMA
4

FDMA

TDMA
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Comparison BetweenTechnologies
Digital Mobile technology CDMA GSM Users Dec-02 145.2 790.5 Users Dec-03 181.0 970.8 Growth in2003 35.4 180.3 % Growth Share Of Growth 15.6% 79.5%

24.3% 22.8%

PDC
TDMA 3 GSM (W CDMA) GLOBAL USER BASE

60.1
107.4 0.2 1103.7

63.1
113.0 2.8 1330.6

3.0
5.5 2.6 226.9

5.0%
5.1% 1708.5% 20.69%

1.3%
2.4% 1.2% 100%

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

GSM An Overview

Services provided by GSM

Telephony
Basic Teleservice

Other Services
Emergency calling Voice Messaging

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 7

Services provided by GSM

Bearer Services
Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps) Group 3 Fax and Sms

Suplementary Services
call offering , call forwarding, call restriction, call waiting, call hold. Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 8

Architecture of GSM

BSC

HLR

VLR PSTN, ISDN

SIM

BTS MSC BTS Abis BSC EIR AuC

NS Network Subsystem

ME

MS Um Mobile station

A BSS Base Station Subsystem The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Function Layers of GSM

S ervice carrie r

O AM

Subsc riber

CM MM RR Tran smissi on
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 10

Protocol Stack Structure of GSM

MS CM MM RR RR

BTS

BSC

MSC CM

RR BTSM

BS SAP MTP3

MM BS SAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 A

BTSM SCCP LAPD MTP2 Abis

LAPDm Um

LAP Dm LAPD

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

11

GSM
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 12

GSM
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility 2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) 3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 13

GSM
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 14

GSM
BSC: Base station Controller 1. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS. BSC 2. Allocation and Deallocation of channels. 3. Transmitter power control. 4. Handoff control BTS : Base Tranceiver station

1. It defines the cell .

2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 15

GSM
HLR BSC EIR MSC AuC

VLR
PSTN, ISDN

Network Subsystem MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location register AuC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 16

GSM
Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
call set up/supervision/release call routing billing information colllection mobility management paging, alerting, echo cancellation connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks Access to HLR and VLR
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 17

GSM
Home Location Register (HLR)
One HLR per GSM operator Contains permanent database of all the subscribers in the network contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.) It is reffered for every incomming call

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 18

GSM
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
Temporary visitors database One VLR per MSC

Authentication Center(AuC)
Provides security Authentication and encryption

Equipment Identity Register:

Contains IMEI
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 19

GSM
Location Update
VLR BSC MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

PSTN. ISDN

20

GSM
Mobile call originating
VLR BSC MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

PSTN. ISDN

21

GSM
Mobile call terminating
BSC VLR MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

PSTN. ISDN

22

GSM
Handoff
GMSC
MSC MSC

Handoff is of
3 types 1. Intra BSC

2 Inter BSC
BSC BSC BSC 3. Inter MSC

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

23

GSM
GSM Radio Aspects : Uplink(Mobile to base)
890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Downlink ( Base to Mobile) 935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation

GSM uses TDMA and FDMA

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 24

GSM
GSM Using FDMA
200KHz

1 2 3 4 5 890MHz

Uplink Freq

124 915Mhz

Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz Spacing between two carriers= 200kHz No. of Carriers=25MHz/200KHz = 124
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 25

GSM
GSM Using TDMA
TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.
Freq Time slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 45MHz 200 KHz

Down Link carrier Up Link carrier

03 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7
4.6 ms
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

0.57ms Time
26

GSM
Classification of channels in GSM Two types
Traffic channels (TCH) Control channels (CCH) Channels are used to carry speech , data and control information. Traffic Channels are defined using 26 TDMA frame multiframe.

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 27

Physical Channel
0
8

1
9

2
10

3
11

4
12

5
13

6
14

7
15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs. On the time domain, a specified channel occupies the same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it can be identified by the timeslot number and frame number.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

28

Channel Type-Summary
14.4Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F14.4)
9.6Kbit/s FR TCH(TCH/F9.6) Data CH TCH Voice CH 4.8Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F4.8) 4.8Kbit/s HR TCH (TCH/H4.8) FR Voice Traffic Channel (TCH/FS) Enhanced FR Traffic Channel (TCH/EFR) HR Traffic Channel (TCH/HS) FCCH (down) SCH (down) BCCH (down) RACH (up) AGCH (down) PCH (down) SDCCH FACCH SACCH
29

channel
BCH CCH

CCCH

DCCH

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

GSM
2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH) Synchronization (SCH)

Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH) Access grant (AGCH) Random Access (RACH)

Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH) Slow Associative (SACCH) Stand alone (SDCCH)
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 30

GSM
Length of 26 TDMA frames = 120 msec Length of 1 TDMA frame =120/26 = 4.615 msec 1 TDMA frame consists of 8 burst frames Length of 1 burst frame = 0.577msec Out of 26 frames
24 are TCH used for traffic 1 is SACCH used for control
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 31

GSM Timeslot and Frame structure

Frequency

200KHz

BP

time interval
32

15/26ms
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Timeslot and Frame structure

1 super high frame = 2048 super frame = 2715648 TDMA frame 0 1 2 3 2044 2045 2046 2047
BCCH CCCH SDCH

SACCH/TCH FACCH

1 super frame = 1326 TDMA frame6.12s 0 0 1 2 1 3 47 48 24 49 25 50

1 multiplex frame = 26 TDMA frames120ms 1 multiplex frame = 51 TDMA frame 0 1 24 25 0 1 49 50

1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslot120/26 = 4.615ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

33 The Next Generation Mobile Networks

GSM
Frame Multiframe 10 Tdma Frame 1 2 3 4 5 Duration=120ms 24 25 Duration=4.615ms 6 7

Format of a single Burst Duration=0.577ms 25 57 1 26 57 Data Training Data

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 34

GSM
Speech coding
Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is 64Kb/s It is further reduced by Regular pulse excited-Linear predictive coder, bit rate achieved 13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec) Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s 456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and transmitted during 8 burst periods.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

35

GSM
Classification of Channels 1 Traffic (TCH)
Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s Half rate 11.4 kb/s

Data
9.6kb/s 4.8kb/s 2.4kb/s
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 36

GSM
GSM Security
MS NETWORK Random no Ki A3 Ki A8 Ki A3 SRES Equal Ki A8

Kc SRES

Kc

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 37

Code Division Multiple Access (IS 95) An Overview

CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS

CDMA one

CDMA 2000 Wide Band

IS95

IS95B

JSTD 008

Narrow Band
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 39

CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code. Each user transmits its information by spreading with unique code. Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used. Users are seperated by code not by time slot and freq slot.

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 40

CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same bandwidth User User axis shows cumulative signal strength of all users

Code 4

Code 3
Code2 Code 1 Freq

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 41

CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in excess to minimum BW necessary to send it. Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread the received signal at reciever

How do we get increased spectrum

Wide band code seq Narrow band inputsignal X Wide band Spreaded seq
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 42

CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection Immunity to interference and jamming Multiple access
User Code 4 Code 3 Code2 Code 1
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Freq
43

CDMA

Comparison between CDMA and TDMA/FDMA:

In TDMA Band width available for transmission is small which leads to compromise in quality of transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire spectrum is used which enhances voice quality. In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas in CDMA frequency planning is minimal. TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power limited system
The Next Generation Mobile Networks 44

CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used

Short PN code(16 bit)

Used to identify the BS and hence the cell

Long PN code(42 bit code)

Used to identify mobile station on reverse link

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 45

IS-95 CDMA
Direct sequence spread spectrum signaling on reverse & forward links Each channel occupies 1.25 MHz Fixed chip rate 1.2288 Mcps Variable user data rate - depends on voice activity Universal frequency reuse fast power control to overcome near-far problem RAKE receiver to take advantage of multipath Soft handoffs
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

46

CDMA IS95 Channels & Frequencies

CDMA frequencies assigned through a 11-bit CDMA Channel number, N At Mobile
1 N 777 1013 N 1023 0.030 N 825MHz 0.030( N 1023) 825MHz 1 N 777 1013 N 1023 0.030 N 870 MHz 0.030( N 1023) 870 MHz
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

At Base Station

47

CDMA Channel & Frequency

Reverse CDMA Channel

Forward CDMA Channel

1.25MHz CDMA Channel Frequency

1.25MHz Frequency

847.74 MHz

45 MHz
892.74 MHz
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

48

Frequency Reuse CDMA

E
C G D F B A E

B
A

D
B

F C

C G D
F

A
A A A

A A A A A A A

A A A A

A A A A A A

A
D E

A
A A

A
A

A
A

C
G

B C

7 cell Freq Reuse Plan

Freq Reuse Plan in CDMA

49

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Spreading Codes in IS-95 CDMA Two types of spreading codes are used in IS-95
Walsh codes of length 64 are used on the forward link (base-to-mobile link)
e.g., c1 = 0 0 0 0 c2 = 0 1 0 1 c3 = 0 0 1 1 c4 = 0 1 1 0

c (k )c (k ) 0, i j
i j

used to separate one user from another

PN codes are used on both forward and reverse (mobile-to-base) links

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

50

CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)

Link

Forward Link (BS to MS)

Reverse link (MS to BS)

51

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)

Forward CDMA Channels

PILOT W0

SYNC W32

PAGE W1

PAGE W7

TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC W0

W9 POWER TRAFFIC CNTRL DATA SUB CH

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

52

IS-95 CDMA Forward Link

Pilot Channel (Code Channel 0)
provides phase reference for coherent demodulation pilot strength measurement for handoffs

Paging Channel (up to 7 channels - Code Channels 1 to 7)

sends control messages and page messages Walsh Code Channels 1 through 7

Sync Channel (Code Channel 32)

broadcasts system timing messages

Traffic Channel (up to 63 channels - remaining code channels)

supports variable data rates at 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

53

Forward Link Channel Structure

Forward CDMA Channel (1.25 MHz Chl. Tx by Base Stn

Pilot Chl

Sync Chl

Paging Chl. 1

Paging Chl. 7

Traffic Chl. 1

Traffic Chl. 2

Traffic Chl. 55

W0

W32

W1

W7

W8

W9

W63

Traffic data

Power Control Sub channel

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

54

CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal rule. It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code is used to distinguish between channels.

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access Ch 1

Access Ch n

Traffic Ch 1

Traffic Ch m

m mobiles tryin to gain access m mobiles engaged in calls to system The Next Generation Mobile Networks

55

IS-95 CDMA Reverse Link

Reverse CDMA Channel (1.25 MHz Chl. Rx by Base Stn

Access Access Chl. 1 Chl. 2

Access Chl. n

Traffic Chl. 1

Traffic Chl. 2

Traffic Chl. 3

Traffic Chl. m

Addressed by long code PNs

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

56

IS-95 CDMA Reverse Link

Access Channels
enables mobile to communicate non-traffic information (e.g., call request) in random access mode fixed data rate at 4.8 kbps identified by a distinct access channel long code sequence offset a paging channel number is associated with access channel

Traffic Channels
identified by long distinct user code offset

data rate 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, 1.2 Kbps data is convolutionally encoded, block interleaved, 64-ary orthogonal modulated, and direct sequence spread before transmission
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

57

CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity Frequency diversity Space(Path) diversity

Power Control Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

58

Power Control in IS-95

At 900 MHz Carrier frequency and 120 km/h mobile speed, Doppler = 100 Hz In IS-95A, closed loop power control is operated at 800 Hz update rate Power control bits are punctured into the traffic data stream Closed loop power control step size is +/- 1 dB Power control bit errors do not affect performance much Coding and interleaving has effect on CLPC performance Both open (outer) and closed (inner) loops drive the transmit power to ensure a target FER of 1%
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

59

RAKE Receiver
4 RAKE fingers are used in the Mobile Receiver 3 fingers for tracking and demodulating multipath components of the FL CDMA channel

1 finger is used for searching and estimating the signal strength on different pilots
used to select the desired (strongest) base station in idle mode for generating pilot strength information messages during traffic mode to enable Handoff

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

60

Handoffs in IS-95 CDMA

Types of Handoff Soft Handoff Mobile commences commun with a new base station without interrupting commun with old base station same freq assignment between old and new base station provides different site selection diversity Softer handoff Handoffs between sectors in a cell CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff Mobile transmits between two base stations with different frequency assignment

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

61

Soft Handoff Architecture

Switch Diversity: MSC selects the bit stream with lower error rate MSC To other switch

R
BSC BSC

R
BTS BTS

R BTS Old Link New Link

Energy measurements are made at the mobile
62

BTS

R - Handoff request sent to the

old cell on the degrading link

Mobile

The Next Generation Mobile Networks

CDMA
Soft Handoff

Signal strength

Distance
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

63

Handoff Procedure
Pilot Sets Active Set Pilot associated with FL traffic channels assigned to the mobile Candidate Set Pilots that are not in Active Set but are received by the mobile with sufficient strength Neighbor Set Pilots not in Active or Candidate Set but are likely candidates for handoff Remaining Set Set in the current system on current freq assignment, excluding the above 3 sets
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

64

Handoff Example
Pilot Strength
T_ADD T_DROP

(1) (2) (3)

(4)

(5) (6) (7)

Time

Neighbor Set

Candidate Set

Active Set
T_TDROP
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

Neighbor Set

65

Handoff Example
(1) Pilot strength exceeds T_ADD. Mobile sends a Pilot Strength Measurement Message (PSMM) to base station and transfers pilot to the Candidate Set (2) Base station sends a Handoff Direction Message (HDM) (3) Mobile transfers pilot to Active Set and sends s Handoff Completion Message (HCM)

(4) Pilot strength drops below T_DROP. Mobile starts handoff drop timer
(5) Handoff drop timer expires. Mobile sends a PSMM

(6) Base station sends a HDM (7) Mobile moves pilot from Active Set to Neighbor Set and sends a HCM
The Next Generation Mobile Networks

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END

The Next Generation Mobile Networks 67