WEAPON & AMMUNITION

The trend in the warfare decides

the trends in weapon & armament
developments.
Armament is a mechanism that enables warfighters to inflict damage
to enemy targets to a degree that will inhibit the enemys ability to
engage in the further act of warfare.
Weapon is any means by which one contends against
another.
DOMINATED BY
MUSCULAR POWER
DOMINATED BY
TECHNOLOGY

WEAPON DEVELOPMENT
Human endeavors.
Biological inspiration
Learning from the Animal World
Sensing, Learning and Reasoning Capabilities: Smart & Intelligent
Alert even when not Active: Sleep Mode
Adaptation, Camouflage and Concealment
Communications
Cooperative Behaviour
Common Goal
Individual / Team Work Behaviour
Intra Group Communication
Battlefield environment & Target developments.
Doctrinal and other influences
Availability of technology with in the country
Political and Social Developments
Global and National Policies and Treaties
Self Reliance, Globalisation of Technology Sources
Legality, Ethical consideration, etc
Technology evolution/ revolution process.
Amalgamation of Technology with Engineering.
MAJOR FACTORS
CHARACTERISTIC WEAPON
COUNTER
MEASURES
BATTLEFIELD
REQUIREMENTS
OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
THREAT
SPECTRUM
CHARACTERISTIC
WEAPON
N Adaptation to accelerated pace of military operations.
N Applications at all places.
N Increased target damage capability.
N Higher life cycle to encounter futuristic threats.

WEAPON SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
WEAPON DYNAMICS
The ability to launch a weapon with sufficient
energy and structural stability for it to reach its
intended target.

WEAPON CONTROL
The ability to guide a weapon from the launch
point to its intended end point.

TARGET DEFEAT
The ability of the weapon, when delivered to its
intended end point, to inflict required degree of
damage to its target.
WEAPON IN OPERATION
LAUNCH ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
I
N
G

Bursting of Projectile
Projectile
Cartridge
Range
Ballistic Trajectory
Weapon Target
Projectile
Muzzle Blast
Projectile Burst
Ammunition Before Firing
ELEMENTS OF WEAPON SYSTEM
Projectile/ Payload/ Warhead/ Kill Mechanism
Kinetic Energy, Chemical Energy, Electro-magnetic Energy
Trajectory/ Flight path/ Ballistic/ Dynamics
Unguided, Guided
Propulsion
Impulse Based (Gun), Reaction Based (Rocket)
Launcher
Tube, Rail, Pod
Platform
Land, Sea, Air, Space, Buried
Sensor, Control & Guidance
Fire Control Systems
Surveillance & Target Acquisition
Fixed Tgt
Satellite, Intelligence
Emitting Tgt
Early Warning Systems
Mobile Tgt
Visual, EO&IR, Radar, MMW, Acoustic, Seismic, Magnetic, Electro
Magnetic, Laser
INFANTRY
ARTILLERY
ARMOURED
VEHICLES
LAND BASED
SYSTEMS
ARMY: LAND BASED
WEAPON SYSTEMS
INFANTRY
SMALL ARMS
SHOULDER FIRED
MISSILES /
PROJECTILES
MORTARS
WEAPON SYSTEMS
ARTILLERY
AD ARTY
4SELF PROPELLED
4TOWED
FIELD
ARTILLERY
MBRS MORTARS
4SELF PROPELLED
4TOWED
4FREE FLIGHT
4GUIDED
4TOWED
4SELF PROPELLED
ALL WEATHER
FAIR WEATHER
MUNITIONS
4CONVENTIONAL
4SMART
ARTY MUNITIONS
4CONVENTIONAL
4ICM
4PGM
AMMUNITION
4CONVENTIONAL
4SMART
WEAPON SYSTEMS
ARMOURED VEHICLES
TANKS ICVs
4ARMAMENTS : PRIMARY
4ARMAMENTS : SECONDARY
CE & KE
AMMUNITION
WEAPON SYSTEMS
LAND BASED SYSTEMS
MINES
MINE DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
WARHEAD ASSY FOR AP MINE (RDMS)
AP MINE CHILDSTORE
WARHEAD CASING ASSY. FUZE
MAIN EJECTION CHARGE
DELAY UNIT (FILLED)
PARACHUTE
CAPSULE ASSY.
924

1
2
2
WEAPON SYSTEMS
NAVY & AIR FORCE
NAVAL
SEA BASED
AIR FORCE
AIR BASED SYSTEMS
WEAPON SYSTEMS
WEAPON TECHNOLOGY
+ Aero dynamics
+ Ballistics
+ Chemical Engineering
+ Computer Science
+ Electrical Engineering
+ Electronics
+ Explosive Science
+ Gun Technology
+ Instrumentation
+ Material Science
+ Mathematics
+ Mechanical Engineering
+ Mechatronics
+ Modern physics
+ Model/Simulation Studies
+ Opto-electronics
+ Production Technology
+ Propulsion Technology
+ Rapid prototyping
+ Space Science
+ Structural Engineering
+ Virtual Reality
+ Others
TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN WEAPON
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
ARMAMENTS
Weapons Ammunition
Weapon and Ammunition are
two complementary and
derivative systems.
The design and operational
features are derived from the
capabilities and limitations of
both of them.
An effective weapon system
will have an optimal match of
both the weapon and
ammunition characteristics.
AMMUNITION
WEAPON AND AMMUNITION
WEAPON
ANY WEAPON SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT PLAN SHOULD
ESSENTIALLY LOOK INTO
ASPECTS OF BOTH WEAPON
AND AMMUNITION ABILITIES.
Various Types of
Ammunition
Introduction to Ammunition
Munition is anything that can be used in war
Any munition of war
Defensive or Offensive
Shot or Shell
Explosive, Smoke, Chemical, Incendiary, Pyrotechnic, Inert
Training, Practice, Drill
Ammunition is the generic term for all devices from a
Pistol bullet to a high velocity KE antitank projectile
Hand thrown grenade (25m) to a artillery shell (>40km)
Illuminating rocket to an intercontinental ballistic missile
A device charged with explosives, propellant, pyrotechnic,
initiating composition or nuclear, biological or chemical material
for use in connection with offence or defence, including demolition
It includes ammunitions used for training, ceremonial or
non-operational purposes

Historical Background
Requirement of ammunition
Mans need to kill, either to feed himself or to protect himself
Ammunition projection
To overcome the problem of distance between himself and his quarry
To put distance between himself and his adversary
Throw of simple missiles: Stones, Spears
Dependant on strength of each individual man
Bows and slings: Increased Range and Hitting or Stopping Power
Development of simple mechanical devices to store energy
Catapulta, Ballista, Crossbow
Heavier and larger missiles thrown with Greater force over a Longer range
Explosive projection: Gunpowder
Refinement of gunpowder in thirteenth century, revolutionised the concepts
of warfare and changed the strategies and tactics
Industrial revolution in eighteenth and nineteenth century provided
necessary impetus for the development of explosives
Manufacture of high explosives: Beginning of conventional modern warfare
Introduction to Ammunition
Purpose of Ammunition
To provide a required target effect at a selected target
Interaction with the target
Purpose of interaction: Offensive, Defensive or Practice
Categories of Ammunition
Reach up to target: CE Ammunition
Reach on target: KE Ammunition
Burst after target: Bunker bursting, Runway bursting
Means of delivering ammunition
Thrown by hand or non explosive mechanical means
Explosive projection : Gun, Mortar
Self propulsion : Guided and unguided Rockets,
Torpedoes
Hand placed : Demolition charge
Left to be initiated remotely or
by the target itself : Mines, Booby traps
Introduction to Ammunition
Target
It is an object or part of it whose intended functionality is to be defeated
Damage
Harm / injury to
Functionality
Value
Comfort
Safety
Serviceability
Defeat of Target
Energy Input in excess of what can be dissipated by the target
Magnitude, Rate of Transfer
Kill mechanisms
KE, Blast, Fragmentation, P Charge (EFP) , Shaped Charge (Hollow Charge)
Lasers, Information, Non Lethal
Sources of Energy
Kinetic Energy
Chemical Energy
Introduction to Ammunition
What is ammunition?
Ammunition is that part of munition which
interacts with the target to give the desired
target effect.

Part of Munition : Functional and operational
characteristics of launcher and ammunition are
interdependent.
Purpose of Interaction : Offensive, Defensive,
Practice and Drill
Target : Object whose functionalities are to be
dysfunctioned
Target Effect: Damage Level on target
25
+PEOPLE
+MANNED AND UNMANNED VEHICLES
+ARMOURED VEHICLES
+STRUCTURES
+EQUIPMENT
+AIRBORNE SYSTEMS
+SURFACE AND UNDER WATER SYSTEMS
+BURIED SYSTEMS
+SPACE BASED SYSTEMS
TARGET CATEGORIES
ATTACK MECHANISM
HOW MUCH?
HOW FAST?



TARGET
INPUT RESPONSE
SHORT
TERM
DYNAMICS
TARGET
EVOLUTION
DAMAGE IS DUE
TO INTERNALLY
STORED ENERGY
INPUT
POWER
DISSIPATED
POWER
BY TRANSFER OF ENERGY TO TARGET
TARGET DAMAGE
27
3D computation of a bullet impacting a ceramic-metal target
The ceramic (AlN) is on the top and the metal (Al) is on the bottom. The projectile
impacts at a 45-degree obliquity. The computation shows the complex fracture
pattern that occurs from impact and penetration.
DAMAGE EVOLUTION
DAMAGE EVOLUTION
Path of an unstable
projectile in soap
KILL MECHANISMS
KILL
MECHANISM
INITIATION
KILL
MECHANISM
FORMATION

TRAVEL TO
TARGET

TARGET
INTERACTION

TARGET
DAMAGE
TARGET ATTACK
KILL MECHANISMS
BLAST
FRAGMENTATION
HOLLOW CHARGE
KINETIC ENERGY
NON - LETHAL
DIRECTED ENERGY
INFORMATION
KILL MECHANISMS
PRIMARY
UPCOMING
Well Known Classification of HE Charges
Blast charge

According to the mode of operation, broadly grouped
in to 3 basic types of high explosive (HE) charges :


Fragmentation
charge
Shaped
charge
Energy transmitted
through shock
waves.
Energy transmitted
through fragments
of metal casing.
Energy transmitted
through metal jet.
KILL MECHANISMS
Fragmentation
Hollow Charge Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy derived by virtue of
its motion
Requirement of secondary
source of energy: Propellant
Dissipates energy on
impact: Positive interaction
with target
Does not require a
triggering device to control
the energy release: No fuze
Always armed: No safety
and arming mechanism
Direct fire only


Chemical Energy
Energy released by virtue of
chemical bonding / reaction
of Explosive substance: Has
considerable potential energy
relative to its mass
Primary source of energy
No requirement of positive
interaction with target
Energy released when
suitably initiated: Fuze -
Trigger mechanism
Armed after a safe distance
Can be used in indirect fire
CHOICE OF AMMUNITION
AMMUNITION PROJECTILES
Kinetic Energy Projectile
Chemical Energy
Projectile
Armour Piercing
APDS
APFSDS
APFSSDS
Kinetic Energy
Blast
Natural
Notched
Preformed
Discrete Rod
Continuous Rod
Rod Cluster
Deformable
Fragmentation
Linear Charge
Hemi Charge
Shaped Charge Plate Charge
HESH
Chemical Energy
Kill Mechanism
AMMUNITION AND KILL MECHANISM
Essentials of Ammunition
Projectile
Solid
Shell
Payload
Propellant
Primer
Propellant Container
Cased Charge
Bagged Charge
PRINCIPLES OF AMMUNITION FUNCTIONING
Bursting
Emission
Ejection
Projection
Penetration

FILLINGS USED IN AMMUNITION
High Explosive
Pyrotechnic
Smoke
Signal
Illuminating
Flare
Incendiary
Propaganda
Non lethal
Electronic
Decoy
Jammer
NBC
Practice or Drill

Ammunition Design Considerations
It should be able to withstand the conditions due
to launch environment
Strength of Design
Bore Safety
It should be able to reach to the target
Projectile Aerodynamics
Projectile Dynamics
Trajectory, Range, Stability etc
It should be able to damage the target
End Game Kinematics
Target Interaction
Kill Mechanism Formation
Ballistic components
Pressure- Space curve
Forces acting on a projectile while Firing
Spin
Explosive
Pressure
Set back
Band
Pressure
Gas
Pressure
Set up
Any setup after firing is a critical defect
Weight
Lift
Drag
Velocity
Trajectory
Range
Height
Body
Axis
Projectile Dynamics
Trajectory
path described by c.g.
Projectile motion
External forces and
moments
External Forces
Gravity
Aerodynamic
Propulsive
External Moments
Aerodynamic
Propulsive
Role of Gravity
Gravity is fully conservative field.
Work done against gravity can be converted into KE.
Can be used for energy storage like battery.
Gravity gives curvature to Trajectory.
Indirect target engagement at different ranges.
Trajectory shaping by initial launch conditions.
Gravity always directed towards the center of earth.
Can be used as reference for navigation along the trajectory in the
indirect fire.
Surface to Surface engagement.
Gravity is deterministic
Can be precisely calculated at any position.
Weapon developed at any location can be used from another location
by giving corrections.
Gravity centric warfare
Controlling forces imparted to manipulate over gravity.
Trajectories other than ballistic trajectories to produce surprise.
Projectile Dynamics
FLOW FIELD
AROUND RIFLE
BULLET AT M=2.5
Projectile drag
Projectile Aerodynamics
APDS Shot in action
2-D FLOW FIELDS
Projectile Aerodynamics
Comparative Plot of Simulation Result & Range
Table Data for 130mm HE Service Shell
Projectile Dynamics
DIAT Aero Model
Comparative Plot of Simulation Result & Range
Table Data for 130mm HE Service Shell
Projectile Dynamics
DIAT Aero Model
DETECTION/ FUZING/ FRAGMENT EJECTION & TIME DELAY
End Game Kinematics
+ Proximity
+ Forward Looking
FUZE
+ Blast
+ Fragmentation
+ KE Rod
+ Deformable
+ Aimed
Shaped Charge
Gimbal
P-Charge
WARHEAD
+ Cross Angle
+ Velocity
+ Angle of Attack
+ Altitude
ENGAGEMENT
FUZE PERFORMANCE
END GAME LOGIC
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Subsystem and
System
Probabilities
Geometric Model
of Internal &
External
Components
Test Data &
Hydrocode
Analysis
Projectile Dynamics
Guidance, Autopilot,
Terminal Engagement,
Trajectory Shaping
Vulnerability
Criteria
Penetration
Equation
Blast Model
Direct Hit Model
END GAME
ENCOUNTER MODEL
Material
Catalogue
Drawing
Pressure Margin
Inertia, Geometry, Aero
Characteristics
Stability
Stable
Strength
Safe
Inbore Dynamics
Flight Dynamics
Requirement
Atmosphere
Model
Gun
Characteristics
Objectives & Constraints
Trajectory
Range
Prototype & Trials
PROJECTILE
DEVELOPMENT
FLOW CHART
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Artillery ammunition
Mortar ammunition
Small arms ammunition
Tank / anti tank ammunition
Grenades
Mines
Rockets and Missiles
Pyrotechnic stores
Demolition charges
Bombs: Guided, Unguided
Torpedoes
Carrier ammunition
Cargo ammunition
Smart and Intelligent munitions
Categories of Ammunition
Gun (Artillery) Ammunition
Service
Target / Practice
Drill
Blank
Service Use
High Explosive
Armour Piercing
Chemical
Smoke
Illuminating
Canister
Special
Tactical Use
Fixed
Semifixed
Separate
Cased Charge
Fabric
Modular
Bagged Charge
Method of Containing Propellant
Artillery Ammunition
High Explosive Projectile
Methods of operation
Bursting
Base Ejection
Nose Ejection
Base Emission
Carrier Projectiles
Bursting Type
Carrier Projectile
Cargo Projectile
Mortar Ammunition
Types
High Explosive
Fragmentation
Sub-Munition
Hollow Charge
Terminal Guidance
Smoke
Illuminating
Propaganda
Practice and Drill
Mortar Bomb
Primary and Secondary
Charges
Mortar Ammunition
Small Arms Ammunition
Typical Round Jacketed Envelop
Anti-Tank Ammunition
AP
APDS
APFSDS
APFSSDS
Kinetic Energy
HEAT
HESH
P Charge
Chemical Energy
Anti-Tank Ammunition
Kinetic Energy Attack of Armour
Penetrative Path of Shot
Evolution of A/Tk Ammunition
FSAPDS Ammunition
High Explosive Anti Tank Ammunition
Jet Formation from HEAT Ammunition
HESH Shell
HESH Effect
High Explosive Squash Head Ammunition
Grenades
Anti - Personnel Grenade
Hand Thrown
Rifle Projected
Anti Armour Grenade
Smoke Grenade
for Screening and Signalling
Irritant Chemical Grenade
for Riot Control
Stun Grenade
for Counter Terrorist Operations
Grenades
Natural
Pre - Formed
Fragmentation
Offensive
Practice
Training / Dummy
Service Use
Defensive
Ofensive
High Explosive
Chemical
Smoke
Incendiary
Tactical Use
Automatic Dealy Time
Contact Grenades
Time of Functioning
Hand Thrown
Projected
Mode of Projection
Grenades
Grenades
Hand Grenade
Grenades
Anti Tank Grenade : Rifle Grenade
Mines
Waits for the Enemy to come
No mis-distance
Target activated
Categories
Anti personnel
Anti-tank
Belly Attack
Track Cutting
Off Route
Rocket
Free Flight
Larger payload
Longer Range
Area Damage
RESUPPLY CHAIN
3 RV 6 LCR
Command Post
FDR
MET radar
PINAKA MBRLS WEAPON SYSTEM
Trends in Ammunition Development
Enhanced Lethality
Preformed Fragments
Bomblets
Top attack
Better Explosives
Improved Aerodynamics
Streamlined body : Full bore
Base Bleed
Rocket Assistance
Precision Munition
Guided Trajectory (GPS, INS, Laser)
Course Corrected Munition
Smart Munition
Sensor Fuzed Munition
Terminally Guided Munition


Pre-Formed Fragment HE Projectile
Dual purpose
armour defeating and
anti personnel bomblets
Each Bomblet contains
HEAT to attack armour
Pre-notched inside wall for
controlled fragmentation effects
against personnel
Carrier projectiles can also be
used to remotely deliver small
mines: Minelets
Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munition
(DPICM)
Longer Barrel
Higher Chamber
Pressure
Improved Weapon
Performance
Aerodynamic
Optimisation
Base Bleed
External Burning
Reduced Drag
Spin Stabilised
Fin Stabilised
Sub Calibre
Discarding Sabot
Improved Ballistic
Coefficient
Rocket Assisted
Projectile
Ramjet Boosted
Projectiles
Post Firing
Boost
Extended Range by
Extended Range Projectiles
EXTENDED RANGE FULL BORE (ERFB)


PRINCIPLE
To minimise nose drag in supersonic velocity zone by
streamlining the frontal nose portion of the projectile.


TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED
Design of long ogive streamlined shell body.
Selection of high strength material.
Machining of long ogive body with nubs.
Selection of high energy explosive to achieve optimum
terminal effects.
EXTENDED RANGE FULL BORE WITH BASE BLEED


PRINCIPLE
To reduce the base drag by increasing base pressure
with ejection of heavy gases in wake region of the
shell.

TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED
Development of Base Bleed propellant.
Development of suitable hardware to withstand high
firing stresses.
Integrating of BB unit with ERFB shell body.
PROJECTILE WITH BASE BLEED
EFFECT OF BOAT TAILING
VELOCITY-ENHANCED LONG RANGE PROJECTILE


PRINCIPLE
Enhancing range of ERFB/ BB shell with Rocket
assistance.

TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED
Development of rocket unit.
Integration of rocket with ERFB/ BB shell.
Cased Charge
Propellant housed in a case
Obturation by cartridge case
Primer for initiation
Integral to case
Cartridge acts as barrier for heat
High rate of fire
Auto loading
Fixed case
Bulky for heavy calibres
Limited employability
High Cost
Metallic cases
Bagged Charge
Propellant housed in bags
Obturation by breech mechanism
Tube for initiation
Just tube can be replaced in the
case of misfire
No barrier for heat
Thermal erosion of chamber
Risk of premature ignition
Coating inside the chamber
Debatable rate of fire
Not suitable for auto loading
Heavy calibre application
Economical in transport and
storage
Cheap and easier to manufacture
Charge Systems
Charge Weight (Various Charges in Service)
Normal Service Charge
Full Service Adjusted Charge
Super Charge
Reduced Charge
Super Velocity Charge
Composite Charge
Fractional Charge
Blank Charge
Paper Shot Charge
Proof Charge
Clearing Charge
Intermediate Charge Increments
Equivalent Full Charge (EFC)
Charge Systems
Charge Weight (Various Charges in Service)
Normal Service Charge
Based on ballistic calculations
Given in range tables
Velocity of Adjustment (V of A)
Actual trials and measurement of velocity
Charge weight slightly adjusted to get intended velocity
Full Service Adjusted Charge
Variation in characteristics of propellant in each lot
Each lot tested for intended velocity
Charge weight slightly adjusted to get intended velocity
Charge weight varies from lot to lot for the given velocity
Super Charge
Charge is more than full charge
Service pressure < Super charge pressure < Design pressure
Charge Systems
Reduced Charge
Lesser charge weight
Lower gun wear
Practice purposes
Super Velocity Charge
Normal charge as used for HE round
Higher velocity obtained with APDS, APFSDS rounds
Composite Charge
Combination of various charges
To keep ABC with in designed limits
Fractional Charge
Applicable for BL charge system
Divided charges, less than normal charge
Ease of handling
Blank Charge
No projectile
Normally filled with gunpowder only to simulate noise
Charge Systems
Paper Shot Charge
To test recoil system
Proof Charge
P
1
is 115% of design pressure
For testing of ammunition components
P
2
is 120% of design pressure
For testing of gun components: Barrel, mountings
Fired only once during the life of the gun
Clearing Charge
2/3 of the normal service charge
for clearing the jammed projectile
Intermediate Charge Increments
To obtain intermediate ranges by varying muzzle velocity
Full charge mass is divided in steps
Full range is divided equally
10% range overlapping
To cater for variations in ammunition and avoid dead zone (Grey area)
Different charge types (tubular, hepta tubular etc) and charge weights are
used
Charge Systems
Equivalent Full Charge (EFC)
Standard charge for a gun in terms of which the Probable Life of the
gun is assessed
It is a charge which will fire standard service projectile with full charge
muzzle velocity
Life of gun is specified in terms of number of EFCs
EFC life of a barrel is the number of full charges which
bring the gun to prescribed condemning limit of wear
Life of barrel is specified in four quarters of wear
Determined practically by many firings from many guns
EFC value depends not only on quantity of charge fired,
but also type of propellant used e.g. Hotter or Cooler
burning propellants
Firing details are recorded by crew and sentencing of life is
done based on actual dimensions
Used for planning timely replacement of barrels, war reserves and
production targets
Applying correction to ranges based on data compiled in range tables
depending on extent of wear
Charge Systems
Cartridge Case
Functions
Hold and protect the
charge
Efficient obturation
Easy loading and
Extraction
Housing of primer
Properties
Strong
Ductile
Compatibility
Material
Brass
Steel
Aluminium
Plastics
Combustible
+ Manufacture
Ingots
Strips (Rolling)
Circular Disks (Punching)
Cold Drawing
A number of drawing
operations interspersed
by annealing and cleaning
Heading
Tapering of case
Necking
Reducing thickness of mouth
Grooving / rimming the base
Boring, threading for primer
Finished case
1/3
Manufacture of Brass
Case
Attachment of Projectile
Cartridge Case
2/3
Cartridge Case
Functioning of Cartridge Case
Operating chamber pressure > 340 MPa
Both cartridge case and chamber wall expand radially outwards under the
action of gas pressure
Yield strength of barrel material >> Yield strength of cartridge case
The cartridge case of thin section will follow the expansion of the steel
chamber, which will restrict its dilation
Chamber, after expanding, will revert to its previous dimensions, not having
exceeded its elastic limit but,
Cartridge case may or may not return to its original dimensions
Initial clearance between the chamber wall and cartridge case
To allow the case to enter the chamber
Permanent setup of cartridge case > initial clearance
Interference: Extraction is difficult or sometimes impossible
Easy extraction is a function of
Yield strength of chamber and cartridge case materials
Operating pressure
Chamber wall thickness
Chamber wall temperature
Initial clearance between chamber wall and cartridge case
3/3
High Explosive Projectile
Design Requirements
Tactical performance
Target effect
Ballistic performance
Stability, Shape, Carrying power, Range, Accuracy
Safety
Strength: Firing Stresses
Loading: No premature detonation of shell
Handling and transportation
Economy in manufacture
Mass production
1/6
High Explosive Projectile
2/6
High Explosive Projectile
Forces acting on a projectile
Projectile drag
3/6
High Explosive Projectile
Driving Band
Primary Functions
Forward obturation
Spin to projectile
Secondary Functions
Centering of projectile
Rear bearing
Preventing slip back of projectile at high elevations
Allows gas pressure to buildup
High grade Copper or Gilding metal
4/6
High Explosive Projectile
Manufacture of HE Shell 5/6
High Explosive Projectile
Filling of HE Shell
6/6
Carrier Projectiles
Relies on its payload to give the desired effect at the target
Smoke, Illuminating, Propaganda, Radar Echo, Incendiary
Anti-Personnel
Steel fragments: Sphere, Cylinder, Cube, Wedge etc
Flechette projectiles
Projectile body merely used a carrier

1/5
Carrier Projectiles
Cased Shot
2/5
Carrier Projectiles
2/5
Methods of operation
Bursting
Base Ejection
Nose Ejection
Base Emission
Carrier Projectiles
Bursting Type
3/5
Carrier Projectiles
Base Ejection Type
4/5
Carrier Projectiles
Base Emission Type
Canister Type
5/5
ICMs, ERPs, TGMs and
TGSMs
Development of conventional gun fired ammunition for the future
More effective in terms of lethality, increased range and accuracy
Ability to hit the enemy in the greatest possible depth
Tactical flexibility
More targets within the range
Ability to concentrate or disperse the fire power
Indirect fire artillery to engage armoured targets more effectively
Improved Conventional Munitions (ICMs)
Extended Range Projectiles (ERPs)
Terminally Guided Munitions (TGMs)
Terminally Guided Sub-Munitions (TGSMs)
Improved Conventional
Munitions
Designed to give improved performance
Compared with standard HE Shell against hard and semi hard
targets
Tanks, Armoured Personnel Carriers
Precision and high degree of lethality
Improved performance
by placing a number of
Lethal sub munitions in a carrier type
projectile
Bomblets
Minelets
Pre-fragments around an HE filling

1/3
Improved Conventional
Munitions
American M483 Bomblet round
88 Dual purpose armour defeating and anti personnel
grenades or bomblets
Each Bomblet contains
HEAT to attack armour
Pre-notched inside wall for controlled
fragmentation effects against
personnel

Carrier projectiles can also be used to remotely
deliver small mines: Minelets
Carrier Shell
2/3
Improved Conventional
Munitions
Bomblet Projectile
3/3
Improved Conventional
Munitions
Pre-Formed Fragment HE Projectile
3/3
Improved Conventional
Munitions
Remote Anti Armour Mine
3/3
Longer Barrel
Higher Chamber
Pressure
Improved Weapon
Performance
Aerodynamic
Optimisation
Base Bleed
External Burning
Reduced Drag
Spin Stabilised
Fin Stabilised
Sub Calibre
Discarding Sabot
Improved Ballistic
Coefficient
Rocket Assisted
Projectile
Ramjet Boosted
Projectiles
Post Firing
Boost
Extended Range by
Extended Range Projectiles
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Extended Range Projectiles
Extended Range Full Bore
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Extended Range Full Bore Base Bleed
Extended Range Projectiles
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Bomblet Projectile Base Bleed
Extended Range Projectiles
Rocket Assisted Projectile
Base Bleed Projectile
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Terminally Guided Munitions
TGMs are also known as Precision Guided Munitions (PGMs) or
Cannon Launched Guided Projectile (CLGP)
American 155mm Copperhead Projectile
Laser Designator and Seeker
To indicate and fix the target for the projectile to home on
Shaped charge warhead capable of destroying MBT
16km range
TGM Projectile incorporates
Warhead (usually HEAT), Guidance and Control systems, Gyro, Power
Supplies, etc
TGMs are
Complex and expensive systems
Depend on additional and expensive target illuminating systems
Requires a dedicated communications link with guns
Performance of first generation TGMs are degraded by
Bad weather, enemy weapons fire, smoke and dust
Easy to counter by jamming and electro-optical measures aimed
specifically at defeating the guidance link
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Terminally Guided Munitions
Terminally Guided Munition
155mm Copperhead
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Terminally Guided Munitions
155mm Copperhead in action
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Terminally Guided Sub-
Munitions
Concept
A time fuzed shell ejects three or four sub-munitions over the target
area
each sub-munition is programmed to search a large area of ground
for an armoured target
Once aligned with the target it fires an EFP(Explosively Formed
projectile) which is capable of penetrating a relatively thin top
armour
likely to replace CLGP
Simpler and cheaper
Possibility of rapidly destroying large numbers of armoured
vehicles as effectively as tactical nuclear weapons, but without side
effects

US SADARM (Sense and Destroy Armour) Programme
Swedish BONUS (Bofors Nutating Shell) Concept
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Terminally Guided Sub-
Munitions
Both SADARM and BONUS
use Infra Red beams to search the ground
Rapid nutating motion (Oscillation about an axis of spin) helps to
search large areas while descend
SADARM: Oscillation beneath a parachute
BONUS: Oscillates because of its eccentric shape after
IR sensor and ballistic discs are deployed
When the IR Beam detects an armoured target, the warhead fires
an EFP with a velocity of approximately 2200m/s
Very negligible delay in firing warhead
A good chance of a hit against armoured target
BONUS
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Terminally
Guided
Sub-
Munitions
BONUS in action
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PRECISION ENGAGEMENT
Ability to locate, discern, and track objectives
or targets; select, organise, and use correct
systems to engage or attack; generate desired
effects; assess results; and re-engage with
decisive speed and overwhelming effect, as
required throughout the military operation.
HUMAN FACTOR, AUTOMATION AND MUNITION
H
U
M
A
N

C
O
N
T
R
O
L

AUTOMATION
Dumb
Munitions
Guided
Munitions
Smart
Munitions
Adaptive
Munitions
HIGH VALUE
SUBJECTIVE
HIGH COLLATERAL
DAMAGE
HIGH THREAT
OBJECTIVE
LOW COLLATERAL
DAMAGE
Area
Engagement
Precision
Engagement
C
o
s
t

p
e
r

k
i
l
l

Intelligence Quotient
Dumb
Munitions
Guided
Munitions
Smart
Munitions
Adaptive
Munitions
Low unit cost of
munition, but many
are required for kill
Cost compensated by
military advantages.
Volume
of Fire
Sense
and
Kill
Hit
to
Kill
Search,
Sense,
Decide
and
Destroy
ILLOGICAL
HIGHLY LOGICAL
MUNITION COST/ EFFECTIVENESS RELATIONSHIPS
SENSOR FUZED MUNITION
Expulsion and
dispersion of cylinders
GUIDANCE
SECTION
WARHEAD
SECTION
GYRO
SEEKER
SHAPED CHARGE
FIXED WINGS
CONTROL
SECTION
FINS CONTROL
TERMINALLY GUIDED MUNITION
Terminally Guided Munitions
TGM in action
The forward observer illuminates the
target using a laser designator for the last
12 seconds of the projectile flight. Here we
see the complete system layout and firing
sequence of ammunition.

Ammunition along
with its cartridge
in an unfired
status.
The laser
locator/designator used
for terminal guidance of
ammunition.

Transparent head to facilitate signal pickup.
Krasnopol-M 155mm
Laser Guided Ammunition
EXTENDED RANGE GUIDED MUNITION
COURSE CORRECTED PROJECTILE
SUMMARY
WEAPON AND AMMUNITION ARE WAR WINNING ASSETS.
DEVELOPMENT IN AMMUNITION IS MORE FREQUENT THAN
WEAPON.
TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ARE GUIDING
FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND APPLICATION WILL
REDUCE THE CONCEPT TO DEPLOYMENT TIME.
A LARGE NUMBER OF STATE OF THE ART SYSTEMS FOR
WEAPON AND AMMUNITION ARE AVAILABLE GLOBALLY.
INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT IS BASED ON NATIONAL
INTEREST, TECHNICAL COMPETENCE AND RESOURCE
AVAILABILITY.
THANK YOU
SIX GENERATIONS OF WARFARE
First Generation wars ( upto 1250AD)
Dependant upon the forces of warring nations.
Fought on muscular strength without firearms.
Used the most primitive technological production.
Second Generation wars (1250 - 1850AD)
Expansion of technological production
Appearance of gunpowder, propellants and explosives.
Appearance of small arms and tube artillery.
Third Generation wars (1850 - 1900AD)
Introduction of automatic weapons.
Weapon developments in terms of range, accuracy and
firepower.
Fourth Generation wars (1900 - 1945AD)
Mechanization and battlefield specific technology
developments.
Use of high power destructive mechanisms.
Use of weapon platform concepts (Tanks, Aircraft, Rocket
Launchers, etc.)
Mobility, protection and telecommunication was of prime
importance.
Fifth Generation wars (1945 - 1990AD)
Dominated by nuclear threats. Development of inhuman and
horrible weapons (viz. Thermobaric weapons).
High emphasis on C4I2SR structures and space technology.
Limits of warfare extended from military to casualties of
population, economics, environment and politics.
SIX GENERATIONS OF WARFARE
Sixth Generation wars (1990AD onwards)
Technology driven digitized battlefield.
Precise attack and Minimum collateral damages due to
developed sensors, guidance, control and
communication technology.
Use of remotely controlled weapons and platforms.
Weaponization of information.
Use of Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology.
Transformation of military from a legacy force to
objective force.

SIX GENERATIONS OF WARFARE
Weapon will act as surgical instrument in battlefield.
Multi-functional, Multi-role, Multi-mission, highly
Objective systems.
Multi purpose, versatile, flexible, ultra light weights.
Enhanced lethality and higher on-target efficiency
range, accuracy and reliability.
All weather, all terrain fighting capabilities.
Self-adaptive to all environmental conditions.
Minimum signature and maximum detection
avoidance.
Intelligent and autonomous in search, detection,
identification, attack and decision capabilities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURISTIC WEAPON
Multi dimensional countermeasures and enhanced
survivability.
Active defence capabilities.
Weapon will act as reflex system.
Minimum man interference.
Standardised and modularised components and
assemblies with maximum inter-changeability and
minimum inventory burdens.
Highly cost effective.
Maintenance free and High shelf life.
Weapons will create surprises and illusions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURISTIC WEAPON
THE CONCEPT
TARGET
DAMAGE
SAFETY
SERVICEABILITY
COMFORT
VALUE
REDUCTION IN
CONVENTIONALLY UNDERSTOOD AS MATERIAL DAMAGE
IS EXTENDED FURTHER TO NON MATERIAL DAMAGE OR
MINIMUM MATERIAL DAMAGE.
DAMAGE MEANS REDUCTION IN THE
ABILITY OF THE TARGET TO PERFORM ITS
INTENDED FUNCTION OR OPERATION.
TARGET DAMAGE
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6
DAMAGE EVOLUTION
LOW VELOCITY IMPACT
X-ray photo sequence of an
aluminum plate being pierced by a
copper long rod penetrator,
impacting at a speed of 1200m/sec.
The hydrodynamic nature of the
penetration process is clearly
evident : the armour plate is not
broken, cracked or shattered but
rather it flows like a fluid together
with the penetrator.
HYDRODYNAMIC PENETRATION
DAMAGE EVOLUTION
KILL MECHANISMS
Chemical
Energy of
Explosive
Warhead
Mechanism
Kinetic Energy of
the Penetrator
Target
Energy Losses to
the Environment
Debris Energy
Residual Penetrator Energy
Thermal Energy
P
k

ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESS DURING FUNCTIONING OF HE WARHEAD
EVENTS
DETONATION
METAL ACCELERATION
DEFEAT MECHANISM FORMATION
FLIGHT TO THE TARGET
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
EFFECTS
CHEMICAL
THERMAL
MECHANICAL
N Damage is time dependent,
i.e. the target interaction
should continue for a finite
duration of time.
N Damage may be concerned
with the total system or part
of it, i.e. target oriented.
N Damage may result in a
repairable fault or irreparable
fault in the target, i.e. lethality.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DAMAGE
TARGET DAMAGE
FACTORS AFFECTING
TARGET DAMAGE
Dissipated power
Design Quality
Manufacturing
Quality
Load Intensity
Renewal Quality
Location
RECOVERY POOOF OF AMMUNITION
DEFECT CLASSIFICATION
CRITICAL DEFECTS
SETUP OF BODY.
SET DOWN OF BODY EXCEEDING 0.8mm.
BREAKUP OF SHELL IN THE BARREL OR ON IMPACT AFTER
LANDING.
MAJOR DEFECTS
CIRCUMFERENTIAL MOVEMENT OF THE DRIVING BAND
WITH RESPECT TO BODY.
STRIPPING/ BREAKING/ LIFTING OF DB.
SMOOTHENING OF DB.
DIVERGENCE OF DB.
HEAVY LAND ENGRAVING ON BODY.
OPENING, CRACKING/ SEPARATION OF PIPING DISC.
MINOR DEFECTS
FANNING OF DB.
PARTIAL DOUBLE ENGRAVING OF DB.
SLIGHT LAND STENCILING ON BODY.