dr. Legiran, M.

Kes

Dept. of Medical Biology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
(Tujuan Pembelajaran)

To understand (Untuk memahami) : Definition of Medical Terminology (MT) (Definisi MT) The basic concept of MT (Konsep dasar MT) The systematical rules of MT (Aturan sistimatikal MT) How spell and write the words of MT (Cara mengeja dan
menulis kata-kata MT)

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LEARNING CONTENTS
(Materi Pembelajaran) Definition of Medical Terminology (MT)
(Definisi MT)

The basIc concept of words used in MT (Konsep

dasar kata-kata yang digunakan dalam MT)

The rules of build a word in MT

dalam membuat sebuah kata dalam MT)

(Aturan (Mengeja dan

Spell and write words of MT

menulis kata-kata MT)

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DEFINITION
(Definisi)

Medical terminology is a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner.
(Peristilahan dalam bidang kedokteran adalah perbendaharaan kata-kata untuk menjelaskan secara tepat tubuh manusia dan bagian-bagiannya, kondisi, prosesdan prosedur yang berbasis sains.)

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Concepts of Medical Terminology

Special vocabulary used by health care professionals

for effective and accurate communication Consistent and uniform throughout the world Most medical terms are based on Latin and Greek words A few are adapted from modern languages

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Four Parts
Word Root
the word part that is the core of the word

Suffix
a word part attached to the end of the word root to

modify its meaning

Prefix
a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to

modify its meaning

Combining Vowel
a word part, usually an O
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Word Root
The word root is the word part that is the core of the

word Fundamental unit of each medical word Establishes basic meaning of word It cannot stand alone a suffix must be added. Part to which prefixes and suffixes are added

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Word Root (contd)

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Word Root (contd)

Begin with learn Learn + -er = one who learns Re + learn = to learn again Greek word for heart is kardia Forms word root cardi Latin word for lung is pulmo Forms word root pulm

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Word Root (contd)

Word Roots Indicating Color
Cyanosis Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis (condition)

Erythrocytes erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells)

Poliomyelitis Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation) Melanocytes Melano/o (black) + cytes (cells)

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Suffixes
Suffix = word ending that modifies a root
Modifies the meaning of the root May indicate a noun or adjective

Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.

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Suffixes (contd)
Tonsill/o means tonsils.
A suffix completes the word and tells what is

happening to the tonsils.

Tonsillitis. tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation). Tonsillectomy tonsill (tonsil) + ectomy (surgical removal).

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Suffixes (contd)
Some suffixes change the word root into an adjective. Cardiac

cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to).

Some suffixes change the word root into a noun. Cranium

crani (skull) + um (noun ending).

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Suffixes (contd)
Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition osis means an abnormal condition or disease

Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach

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Suffixes (contd)
Suffixes Related to Pathology algia means pain

Gastralgia Gastrodynia Gastritis Arteriomalacia

dynia means pain

itis means inflammation

malacia means abnormal softening

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Suffixes (contd)
Suffixes Related to Pathology Megaly means enlargement

Hepatomegaly Arterionecrosis Arteriosclerosis Arteriostenosis

Necrosis means tissue death

Sclerosis means abnormal hardening

Stenosis means abnormal narrowing

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Suffixes (contd)
Suffixes Related to Procedures centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid

Abdominocentesis Appendectomy

ectomy surgical removal

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Suffixes (contd)
Suffixes Related to Procedures graphy means the process of recording a picture or record

Arteriography Arteriogram

gram - a record or picture

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Suffixes (contd)
The Double RRs rrhage and rrhagia mean abnormal excessive fluid discharge or bleeding

Hemorrhage

rrhaphy to stitch Aneurysmorraphy

rrhea abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea

rrhexis rupture myorrexis

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Words Ending in x
Change x to c or g when adding a suffix Pharynx (throat) becomes pharyngeal (fa-RIN-je-al) (pertaining to the throat) Thorax (chest) becomes thoracotomy (thor-a-KOT-ome) (an incision into the chest)

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Suffixes (contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts Arteri/o = artery Ather/o = plaque or fatty substance Arthr/o = joint

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Suffixes (contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts Ileum = part of small intestine Ilium = part of the hip bone

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Suffixes (contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts Mucous adjective that describes specialized mucous membranes that line the body cavities. Mucus a noun and the name of the substance secreted by the mucous membranes.

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Adjective Suffixes
Adjective endings meaning pertaining to or

resembling include:
-ac as in cardiac -form as in muciform -ory as in respiratory

No rules for which ending to use with a given noun

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Forming Plurals
Special plural forms Words ending in a carry plural ending ae:

Gingiva vs. gingivae Diagnosis vs. diagnoses

Words ending in is carry plural ending es:

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Some Exceptions to the Rules

Plural of virus is viruses
Plural of serums is sera Plural of carcinoma is carcinomata

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Prefixes
Prefix = short word part added before a word root to

modify the meaning

Uni- (one) + lateral = unilateral (affecting or involving

one side) Contra- (against) + lateral = contralateral (opposite side)

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Prefixes (contd)
Prefixes usually indicate location, time or number. Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat). Prenatal means time & events before birth. Perinatal means time and events just before, during, & after birth. Postnatal means time & event after birth.

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Prefixes for Numbers

Mono = 1; Uni = 1 Bi = 2 Di = 2 Tri = 3 Quad = 4 Nulli = none Hemi = half Multi = many Poly = many Semi = partial or half

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Prefixes for Numbers

Prim/i- = first primitive (occurring first in time) Bi- = two, twice bicuspid (a tooth with two points) Tetra- = four tetrahedron (a figure with four surfaces)

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Prefixes for Colors

Cyan/o- = blue cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen) Leuk/o- = white, colorless leukoplakia (white patches in the mouth) Xanth/o- = yellow xanthodermia (yellow discoloration of the skin)

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Negative Prefixes
A-, an- = not; without aseptic (free of infectious organisms) Dis- = absence, removal, separation dissect (to separate tissues for anatomical study) Non- = not noninfectious (not able to spread disease)

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Prefixes for Direction

Ad- = toward; near adhere (to attach or stick together) Per- = through percutaneous (through the skin) Trans- = through transfusion (introduction of blood or blood components into the blood stream)

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Prefixes for Degree

Hyper- = over, excess, abnormally high hyperventilation (excess breathing) Hypo- = under; below hypoxia (decreased oxygen in the tissues) Super- = above, excess supernumerary (in excess number)

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Prefixes for Size and Comparison

Iso- = equal, same isograft (graft between two genetically identical individuals) Micro- = small microscopic (extremely small; visible only through a microscope) Re- = again; back regurgitation (backward or return flow)

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Prefixes for Time and/or Position

Ante- = before antenatal (before birth) Pro- = before, in front of prodrome (symptom that precedes a disease) Post- = after, behind postmenopausal (after menopause)

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Prefixes for Position

Ec-, ecto- = out; outside excise (to cut out) End/o = in; within endoscope (device for viewing the inside of a cavity or organ) Mes/o- = middle mesencephalon (midbrain)

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Combining Form

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Combining Form (contd)

Combining Vowel
It is usually an o It is between two root words It can be between a root word and a suffix

It eases pronunciation
When combining a word root and a suffix, if suffix

begins with vowel a combining vowel is not necessary. For example gastr/ectomy. When connecting two root words the o is used even if the second root begins with a vowel, example: gastroenteritis.
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Combining Form (contd)

Insert an o before a suffix beginning with a consonant

when added to a root

-logy = study of Neur = nerve or nervous system

Neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous

system)

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Combining Form (contd)

Roots shown with a combining vowel are called

combining forms
Vowels added after a slash Called roots Neur/o

Combining vowel omitted if suffix begins with a vowel

Neur + it is = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve)

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Combining Form (contd)

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Word Derivations
Most word parts derived from Greek (G) and Latin (L) Muscle is Latin for mouse Coccyx named for the cuckoos bill

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Pronunciation
Use phonetic pronunciations provided
Repeat words aloud Pronunciations may change when parts are combined

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Pronunciation (cont)
Vowels with no pronunciation marks get short

pronunciation
a as in hat

Short line over vowel gives it long pronunciation a as in say Accented syllable indicated with capital letters

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Soft and Hard c and g

Soft c, as in racer = (RA-ser)
Hard c, as in candy = (KAN-de) Soft g, as in page, written as j = (paj) Hard g, as in grow = (gro)

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Silent Letters and Unusual Pronunciations

Gnathic = (NATH-ic) Pertaining to the jaw Apnea = (AP-ne-a) Cessation of breath Nephroptosis = (nef-rop-TO-sis) Dropping of the kidney

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Symbols
Used as shorthand in case histories
= right = increase

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Abbreviations
Can save time
May cause confusion Acronym = abbreviation formed from first letter of

each word in a phrase

ASAP = as soon as possible

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