AERODYNAMIC DESIGN AS5210

GROUP M5

MI -5

Historical survey
RC Aircraft
Model No.
Catalina

Wing span
Flying
Fuselage
Motor
(mm)
weight (gm) length (mm)
(Brushless)
1800
2700
1097 35-XX outrunner

EP-Cessna 206
F.K. 10
Cessna 182 (EPO)
P-40 War hawk

1080
950
1410
1700

1190
1100
1100
3500

980
760
1030
1500

1750 KV
3536/1000 KV
3647/700 KV
50-60 out runner/250 KV

V- tail V35
Hobby

1280
2280

1348
4650

1000 3720/980 kV
2015 70 CC gasoline engine

P-47
Thunderbolt
J3 Cub

1600

3000

1416 4258/400 KV

1400

700

950 36-48
Outrunner/700 KV

Our Aircraft Specification

MI5
Range(Km)
Thrust(N)

1000-1500 2000-3000
0.8-1.0
To be determined

1000-1500

To be decided

Endurance(min)
Propeller

15-20
Twin blade propeller

First Weight Estimation

WPL
WPP
WE
1

W0
W0

Wpp/Wo vs Wo

0.4
Wpp/Wo

W0 =

0.5

WPP =
The weight of the power plant
WPL =
The weight of the payload
WE =
The empty weight
W0 = Take off gross weight = 2 3 Kg

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

W0 = WPL + WProp system + WE

2000

WPL = Wcamera + Wantena

Wo(gm)

Wpp/Wo

2500(first
initial
guess)

0.324

1298.7

0.300

Ws/Wo

0.445

Wo(gm)
Calculated

1298.7

4000

6000

Ws/Wo vs Wo

0.6
0.5
0.4
Ws/Wo

WProp system = Wmotor + Wpropeller + WBattery

Wo

0.3
0.2

0.444

1171.8

0.1
0

1171.8

0.300

0.444

1170

1000

2000

3000
Wo

4000

5000

Airfoil, Wing Design and Second Weight Estimation

Selection of airfoil is the most important design aspect of an airplane.
MI5 should fly at low altitudes and low velocity.
Low value for the stall speed and high maximum lift coefficient (high L/Dmax value).

W/S vs Wo
90

y = 0.938x + 42.52
Slope = 0.328

80

W/S (N/m2 )

70

The flying altitude is chosen : 25m

Designed cruising speed
: 10 m/sec
Aspect ratio (AR)
: 6.5
Span = b = S AR = 1.184 m
chord = 0.1821m

60
50
40
30

for Wo = 1170gm = 11.495 N

20

W/S = 53.3

10

N/m2

. .

= 124417

10

Airfoil
NACA 0014
NACA 2410
NACA 2412
NACA 6412
NACA 6414

20
Wo (N)

Zero lift Angle of

Attack
0
-2.1
-2.1
-5.5
-5.8

30

40

stalling angle range of 13 - 15

CLmax
1.36
1.46
1.41
1.51
1.44

stall
14.6
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.7

47
42
40.4
36.8
27.8

Leading edge
radius (%c)
2.16
1.10
1.59
1.59
2.16

Airfoil, Wing Design and Second Weight Estimation cont

Clmax

: 1.41

stall

: 14.6

Aerodynamic centre : 0.265 c

Zero Lift angle

: 2.1

(Vcruise )

: 10 m/s.

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04

NACA 2410
1.0

Cl vs Cd

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

0.8

Lift Coefficient Cl

Lift Coefficient

Cl vs

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

-10

-5 -0.2 0

-0.4
-0.6

10

15

20

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

-0.4

-0.6

Drag Coefficient Cd

0.04

0.05

Airfoil, Wing Design and Second Weight Estimation cont

= + 2 = = 0.0163 + 0.061212
L/Dmax = 15.83

k=

1
= 0.06121
(e = Oswald s eff factor = 0.8) AR

= 2

Cd = 0.0326

Performance Characteristics
Vstall
: 7.615 m/s
Wing Characteristics
Aspect ratio
Wing span
Chord
Taper
Leading edge sweep
Wing incidence

: 6.5
: 1.184 m
: 18.21 cm
: No taper
: No sweep
: 1

VStall =

W
S

1/2

1
C
2 Lmax

Vcruise
VLoiter
Climb angle
Climb rate
Range
Endurance
Altitude
Ceiling

: 10 m/s
: 10 m/s
: 10
: 1.75 m/s
: 1 Km
: 15-20 min
: 25 m
: 100m

Psteady = Tsteady V = W/(Cl /Cd ) = 0.8286 10 = 8.286 Watt

Dmin =

Pclimb = Tclimb V =(W sin + ) = 2.573 10 = 25.73 Watt

W
= 0.577N
L/Dmax

Airfoil, Wing Design and Second Weight Estimation cont

Wo(gm)

Structural Weight / Gross Weight (Ws/Wo)

vs
Gross Weight (Wo)

0.6
0.5
0.4
Ws/Wo

Battery specification
KingMax3000mah 35C 22.2V
Size
: 115mm x 35.5mm x 52.8mm
Net Weight
: 428g
Avionic 8g Servo (AV8A)
Wire length
:
18cm
Weight
:
8 gm
Motor specification:
Odin 2730 KV1300rpm
Weight
: 25 gm
Thrust
: 440 gm
Propeller specification:
Prop - 11 x 6 cm

0.3

y = 1E-06x + 0.443

0.2
0.1
0
0

Ws/Wo
1170
1429.8
1466.43
1494

1000

2000
3000
Wo in gm

Wo(gm) Calculated
0.444
0.434
0.444
0.444

1429.8
1466.43
1494
1494

4000

5000

Wing Loading And Thrust to Weight Ratio

n = load factor = 1.3

Landing
f ~ a

Sg = j N

Sg = 31.15

a = 30

W
s

1.221.41

j2 (

g
1.152

W
s

9.811.221.410.4

(W/S)Landing= 37.47 N/m2

1m

hf = R (1-cos a )
= 0.04085 m

Approach (Sa)
Sa =

(1hf )
sin a

=18.326 m

Flare (Sf)

Sf = R sin f = 1.5600 m

50 m

Ground Roll (Sg) = 30.114 m

Wing Loading And Thrust to Weight Ratio cont

W
s cruise

1
2

2
= Vcruise
e AR CDo = 0.51.222102

W
s Climb

3CD0 = kCL2

= 36.23 N/m2

W
s Turning

T
)
W

T 2 4n2 CDo
)
W
eAR
2n2
qeAR

W
s minimum

e 6.5 0.0163 = 31.53 N/m2

= 34.55 N/m2

W
s cruise

Bank Angle, = 60o

Load Factor, n = sec = 2
T
L
n = ( ) ( )max.
(

T
W

) = 0.1133.

= 31.53 N/m2

Wo
1.494 9 .81
Wing Surface Area =
=
= .
W/S
31.53
Span = b = S AR = .
chord =

b
= .
AR

Wing Loading And Thrust to Weight Ratio cont

T
W climb

= sin +

qCDo

W
( )
s

W
s

1
)
qARe

= sin100 +

0.51.22102 0.0163
31.53

31.53
0.51.22102 6.50.80

= 0.2368

T = 3.47 N
T
W

cruise

T
W Turn

1
L
D

1
= .
15.83

max

qCDo
W
s

n2
qAR

W
s

T
W

Takeoff

OB = cos-1(1 hOB/R) = 12.65o

= 0.1579

= 0.1408

hOB = 1m

Ground Run (Sg) = 15.98 m

1.21 s
Sg=
T
g CLmax ( W )

Take off(Sa)
Sa = R sin(OB) = 9.015 m

25 m

Initial Sizing and Layout

Wing

Spar
Lift Distribution
Load (L) = W/S * C = 31.45 * 0.267 = 8.405 N/m

Spar made of Balsa Wood (160 Kg/m3)

Z

b/2 = 0.870m

h = 26.7mm

t (thickness of Spar)

Y
allowable =

Ixx

Spar

C = 0.267m

X
compressive Yield Strength of Balsa Wood
12.1 Mpamedium density
=
= 4.03Mpa
Factor of safety from literature
3

Mroot Zmax
3181 N mm 13.35 mm
t h3
4
=
=
= 10537.56 mm =
allow
4.03 N/mm2
12

Thickness of the Spar t =

Ixx 12
10537.56 12
=
= 6.64mm 7mm
h3
26.73

Weight of Spar (mspar) = 52.003 gm

Initial Sizing and Layout cont

Wing

Ribs
Balsa Wood

Area = 4887.571mm2

Number of Ribs = 20
Thickness of the Rib = 10mm = 0.01m

26.7mm
267 mm

Weight of 20 Ribs (mRib) = 156.4 gm

Skin
Foam (41 Kg/m3)
Area = 944021mm2

Weight of the Skin (mwing skin) = 37.76 gm

Thickness = 1mm

mWing= 245.80 gm

Initial Sizing and Layout cont

Component

Thumb Rule

Horizontal Tail

25 30 % Wing Surface Area

Vertical Tail

35 % of Stabilizer Area

Fuselage Length

75 % of Wing Span

Nose Length

25 % of the fuselage length

Wing trailing edge to stabilizer

40 % of the fuselage length

Horizontal tail
mskin, hor tail= 11.61 gm
mRibs, hor tail= 10 nos X 3.91 = 39.1 gm
mspar, hor tail= 15.60 gm

Spar X n Area = 93.45 mm2

mhor tail= 66.31 g.

Vertical tail
mskin, Ver tail= 4.06 gm
mRibs, Ver tail= 5 nos X 3.91 = 19.55 gm

mspar, Ver tail= 5.50 gm

mver tail= 29.11 gm

Initial Sizing and Layout cont

Fuselage
5mm
35mm

60mm

5mm
Fuselage Length = 1304 mm

mmain fuselage= 229.5gms

mfuselage = 260.8 gm
35mm
Nose Fuselage Length = 326.1 mm

60mm
Structural components

Fuselage
Wing
Horizontal tail
Vertical tail
Power plant
Payload
Servo controller + receiver
Structural attachments ,glue etc.
Landing gear

mNose fuselage= 31.31gms

Weight(g)
260.8
245.8
66.31
29.11
453
100
16
30
23

mstructure= 602.2gm.

Initial Aircraft Modelling

Initial Aircraft Modelling cont

Initial Aircraft Modelling cont

Initial Aircraft Modelling cont

Initial Aircraft Modelling cont

Propeller Design and Initial sizing

Diameter = 22*(HP)1/4

P= 43.16.16 watt
D=22*(43.16/746)1/4
D=10.78 inches
Pitch p = 7 inches

APC 10x7 Thin Electric Propeller

POWER
CONDITIONS

TAKE OFF

VELOCITY
(M/S)

Advance
Ratio
J =V/(n*D)

THRUST
T= Ct
D4

n2

P = Cp
n3 D5

(WATTS)

EFFICIENCY
p =JxCt/Cp

SPEED
COEFFICIENT
Cs =J/(Cp)0.2

(N)

8.757

0.479

2.139

25.78

72.89

0.957

CLIMB

10

0.547

1.956

24.66

79.56

1.02

CRUISE

10

0.547

1.956

24.66

79.56

1.02

14.14

0.774

1.196

19.06

88.78

1.522

TURNING

Drag Polar Estimation

CD0 =

Cf,(component

Skin fric coeff)

1.328
(Re)1/2
Cf,fuselage = 1.39 103
Cf,wing
= 3.10 103
Cf,Hor stab = 4.38 103
Cf,Ver stab = 4.19 103
Cf =

FormFactorcomponent Scomponent wettesd area

Sref (wing area)

FFfuselage = 1 +
FFwing = 1 +

0.6
x/c max

6
L
deq

t
c

L
deq

400

+ 100

= 1.033

t 4
c

deq =

4 Amax (Xn)

1.34 M 0.18 cos

0.28

= 0.8631

FFwing = FFHor stab = FFVer Stab

103932.5

CD0,parasite = 0.00958

mm2

Total CDO = CDO

PARA

+ CDO

MISC

+ CDO

L&P

CDO = 0.00958 + 0.002704 + 0.000479 = 0.01276

CD

= 0.01276 + 0.0612 CL 2

Drag Polar Estimation cont

CD

Drag Polar
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

CD

-2

-1.5

-1

= 0.01276 + 0.0612 CL 2

-0.5

0
CL

0.5

1.5

Thrust adequacy
Thrust required (N)
Maneuver

Cruise
Climb ( = 10 )
Turning (n = )
Take-off

As per
First T/W
estimate

Power required (W)

New Values

As per
First T/W
estimate

New Values

0.925
3.47
2.314

0.806
3.365
1.876

9.25
34.7
32.725

8.06
33.65
26.53

2.58

2.22

22.59

19.44

CENTER OF GRAVITY LOCATION

Xcg =

mi x i
mi

Zcg =

mi z i
mi

Ycg =

mi Yi
mi

XC.G = 518.68 mm
YC.G = 5.4e-5 mm
ZC.G = 56.35 mm

Z
X
Y

Components
Wing
Fuselage
Hor Tail
Ver Tail
Propeller
Landing Gear
Battery
Aircraft

Weight
(gms)
284
289
96
15
22
23
427
1156

X C.G
(mm)
425.95
592.64
1253.10
1243.04
33.97
652.69
357.50
518.68

Y C.G
(mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Z C.G
(mm)
76.73
53.76
82.45
264.94
20.36
89.80
31.40
56.35

Stability and Trim Analysis

X np

Cl =4.7818 per radian

CL Xacw Cmfus + h S h CLh h Xach

w
=
S

CL + h S h CLh h

h = hT

=0

Cm fuslage =

K f Wf2 Lf
CSw (wing surface area)

Tcruise
1+
q Ap

0.9 1 +

0.719
= 1.1
61 0.0508

per degree = 0.0738 per radian

Clh = 5.0134 per radian

h

=1

Xacw =

Xacw
C

= 0.7073

= 0.25

X np = 0.85787

Xacw = 66.75mm

Xach = 906.9343mm

Stability and Trim Analysis cont

Cmcg = CL Xcg Xacw + Cmw + Cmfus + Cmw f h
f

Sh
C X
Xcg
Sw Lh ach

f is elevator deflection

For static trim condition the total pitching moment must be equal to zero.

CL,Total = 6.436 + 1.654f

Cmcg = 2.0604 4.411f 0.053

1

Chart Title

0.5

0
Cm-cg

-4

-2

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Wing angle of attack ()

10

12

Zero lift drag of landing gear

n=3

CD0lg =

Landing gear weight = 23 gm

Component

i=1

CDo

Front Wheel

0.00529

Front Wheel Strut

0.00129

Rear Wheels

6.706 x 10-5

Rear Wheels Strut

3.876 x 10 -5

Total

CDlg

Slgi
Swing

CD = 0.01276+0.0612CL2

0.00668

CD= 0.02007 + 0.0612CL2

V-n Diagram

2W
= 5.6 m/s
s CL max

Vstall =

V n diagram

3.5

n = (Clmax0.5V2S) / W = 0.03136V2
3

VC = 21.42 m/s

= .

W
= 34.92 N/m2
S cruise
W
= 187.41 N/m2
S Take off
W
= 39.86 N/m2
S climb
W
= 62.42 N/m2
S Turning

2.5

T
W

1.5

VB =

2 nmax = 3 W
CL,max S

0.5

= 9.8 m/s

T
W
T
W

0.5
0
-1

A
4

14

-0.5

n = - 0.00132V2

-1
-1.5

19

V (m/s)

= 0.069

cruise

N/

= .

climb
takeoff

= 0.3093
= 0.0403

24

P= Cd00.5SVmax3+KW2/(0.5SVmax)
VC = 1.3Vmax = 21.42 m/s