Exploration

CAUSES & CONQUESTS

? New Age of

After 1400

Earlier Explorations
(Pre-Renaissance [1400]) 1. Leif Ericson

2. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca

3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming Treasure Fleet

A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271

What did the known world look like pre-1400?

The Italian Merchants had the Monopoly Which European area controlled 1400s they bought the goods from Arabs & resold the trade route? it to Europeans at much higher price!
Would other European rulers appreciate the high price the Italian merchants marked up these products?

Motives for European Exploration

Four Gs and a T
Gold

God

Glory
Gateway

Technological advance

Gateway
By-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
control of key positions on the sea lanes was important to the power and prosperity of their nations If they controlled a NEW route to spice islands---they wouldnt have to pay Italian merchants high prices

notice: add new land is NOT A CATEGORY!!

When does this become a category? - When they find gold and silver, and do not want other European nations to grab it!

Gold
Monarchs seeking new resources of revenue: they needed money to pay for new weapons, large armies and expensive palaces and courts. Also brought glory and importance to nations and monarchs Nationalism would increase

God
The effort to extend Christianity (reformation)
Muslims controlled the existing trade routes between Europe and Asia religious conflicts of Europe caused many to look for new homes missionary work by Jesuits and others to extend religion to nonChristians

 The pursuit of individual achievement

Renaissance influences?
wanted to make a name (and fortune) for yourself Curiosity about other lands and peoples

Glory

New Maritime Technologies

Better Maps [Portulan]

Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariners Compass

Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Which nations were first to explore? First to try to find the new route: Portugal Spain And then. France Dutch England

Prince Henry, the Navigator

PORTUGAL
Began the Age

Patron
School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire

Exploring the west coast of Africa:
1. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 2. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut
3. Alfonso de Alburquerque destroyed the Arab monopoly

Moluccas (Spice Islands)

Cheaper to go by sea than overland by wagon!!!

Other Portuguese Explorers:

4. Cabral
(1497-1501)

Blown off-course, he accidentally hits the coast of what is today Brazil

He also sailed for Spain!

5. Amerigo Vespucci

(1498-1502)

Italian, but sailing for Portugal, he followed Cabrals route and traveled north and west around Spains route in the Caribbean

Spain and Portugal fight over territory

Vespucci

New World - 15c

Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller

Spain:

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

2nd to enter AGE

Columbus Four Voyages

How was the conflict between Portugal and Spain both strongly Roman Catholic ended before it led to outright WAR?
IN STEPS THE POPE as mediator

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

The Popes Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c
Portuguese sailer..but sailing for Spain

1519-21

Conquistadores: Gold and Glory

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Ponce de Leon Cortes Pizarro Where any Narvaez successful? De Vaca De Soto Coronado

all in search of gold in the Americas

Looking for El Dorado

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs

vs.

Fernando Cortez

Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas

vs.

Francisco Pizarro

Atahualpa

Treasures from the Americas!

The Columbian Exchange

Squash Turkey Cocoa Peanut

Avocado Pumpkin Pineapple

Peppers Tobacco Cassava Vanilla

Sweet Potatoes Quinine POTATO M AIZE

TOM ATO

Syphilis

Is slave trade part of the Columbian Exchange?

Trinkets Liquor GUNS

Olive Onion Grape Citrus Fruits Cattle Flu Diptheria

COFFEE BEAN

Banana Honeybee

Rice Barley Oats HORSE Smallpox Malaria

Turnip Peach Pear Sheep Typhus W hooping Cough

SUGAR CANE

W heat Pigs Measles

The Slave Trade

1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

3.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

4. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship

Middle Passage

Coffin Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Father Bartolome de Las Casas

New Laws 1542

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Spain and Portugal

Guns, liquor

West Indies

Gold, Slaves

Africa

What was this system of trade known as? Triangular Trade

American Colonies

England

West Indies

Triangular Trade Networks Africa

American Colonies England West Indies Africa Africa England

American Colonies

West Indies

European Empires in the Americas

New Spain

governed by a Viceroy

Peru

governed by a Viceroy

1. Encomienda
or forced labor.

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy. New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians

Black Slaves

 1) At the top: Peninsulares- men born in SPAIN.

Only Peninsulares could hold high office Minority group

2) Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America

Could not hold office Could become army officers Minority in LA Read about Enlightened ideas during their schooling in Europe

 3) Mestizos- persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry 4) Mulattos- persons of mixed European and African ancestry 5) Africans 6) Indians
Which group do you think was the most oppressed in colonial times? Which group do you think would head the independence movements from Spain?

If you were a Creole what would your feelings be regarding Peninsularas?

WHY?
They [creoles] did all the work, but could never hold high government positions! Peninsulares only remained in new world until they make $$, then went home to Spain

By 1800it was the Creoles who led Independence movements against Spain!

What happened to the Native Americans? Processes of Acculturation:

1. Amalgamation 2. Assimilation 3. Accommodation 4. Extermination

Processes of Acculturation: Cultural modification

1.Amalgamation
When 2 cultures come together over a long-period of time and a brand new culture emerges. A + B = C Melting Pot theory

2. Assimilation
When 2 cultures come together over a long-period of time and the minority culture willingly takes no the traits of the majority culture.

3. Accommodation
When 2 cultures come together over a long-period of time neither changes, but live- peacefully -side-by-side

Salad Bowl theory

4.

Extermination

A + B = A + B

When 2 cultures come together over a long-period of time and the majority culture consciously kills-off the minority culture.

Review Questions:
1. Which European nation was 1st to explore, and what route did they take?

2. Columbus attempted to reach the Indies via which route? 3. For whom was the New World named? 4. The rivalry between Spain and Portugal for name in the New World was mediated by whom? 5. What name were was given to Spanish explorers who sought Gold and Glory?

6. The interaction involving the exchange of ideas, plants, animals and diseases between the New and Old World was known as what?

STATIONS Assignment
Directions: 1. After reading the information at one of the 6 stations, you will answer the questions on the sheet that pertain to that station.

2. When told, you will proceed to the next station and answer the questions that pertain to it. -- you will have @4 minutes per station
Team #1 start with station #1; then to 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7. Team #2 start with station #2, then 3, 5, 6, 7, and end with #1 Team #3 start with station #3, then 5, 6, 7, 1, and end with #2 Team #5 start with station #5, then 6, 7, 1, 2, and end with #3 Team #6 start with station #6, then 7, 1, 2, 3, and end with #5 Team #7 start with station #7, then 1, 2, 3, 5 and end with #6

You will turn in all your answers prior to leaving class today!

Block 4 You will need laptops

May 2, 2012
Unit III EQ: What political, economic and social divisions in L.A. nations hinder successful democracies in that region?

Todays class objectives:

1. Create a brochure that examines the current political, economic and social standing of an assigned Latin American nation.
Due date: on Friday beginning of class No extensions; no excuses!

Block 4 No laptops today

May 7, 2012
Unit III EQ: What political, economic and social divisions in L.A. nations hinder successful democracies in that region?

Brochure Gallery Activity

Directions: Please place ONLY your completed brochure on your desk.

May 7, 2012

Brochure Gallery Activity Procedure:

1. Visit 10 brochures [do not duplicate nations]: Individually, you will visit at least 10 DIFFERENT desks and review the brochure. [not your own brochure] As you review the material, complete the chart which asks you to identify specific data on that nation.
2. Sign the Viewers Log and give feedback for each brochure reviewed. 3. Return to your desk and complete the 5 questions on the reverse side of the Gallery chart then turn in your completed chart

Block 4 No laptops today

Unit III EQ: What political, economic and social divisions in L.A. nations hinder successful democracies in that region?

Todays class objectives:

1. Analyze the affect the European exploring nations had on the Latin American nations economically, politically and socially 2. Differentiate among the various types of acculturation in LA and determine its possible social, political and economic consequences.

April 30. 2013