Submitted to

Dr. Jayant Jain

Submitted by

Ajay kuntal M.Tech 1st Year(Design

A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying. Various industries and trades use kilns to harden objects made from clay into pottery

The earliest kilns were certainly no more than the hearths used by peoples for cooking, warmth, light, and protection. In fact, very simple 'pit' kilns are still in use today.
Neolithic period, when agriculture began, is generally cited as the origin of fired clay objects, approximately 10,000 years ago. These early farmers needed containers for seeds, for harvested foods to be stored, and for water transportation and storage. Fired clay served these needs well, and was locally available and easy to form. The earliest kilns were nothing more than a shallow 'pit' dug in the ground. Pots fired in this way were very fragile and porous due to the low temperatures possible in such a firing (1000-1200 Fahrenheit).

http://seco.glendale.edu/~rkibler/kilns.html

 This kiln does have

insulation-the earth itself.

This kiln does have

insulation-the earth itself.

The fuel is any flammable

organic material such as wood, straw, or manure

 The insulation, in the form of an

arch is on top, retaining the heat better.

Burnt clay bricks are used for

dome

http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5328E/x5328e08.htm#7.2. the brazilian beehive kiln

 An interesting variation on the

beehive design was first built in China around 500 A. D.

This kiln utilized the basic format

of the beehive.
Multiplied chambers. Saggar boxes, which were used to

protect the pottery from flying wood ash and were made of clay.

http://seco.glendale.edu/~rkibler/kilns.html

 Natural gas is the fuel (propane). Better quality insulating brick. It produces very low levels of pollution,

NATURAL GAS KILNS

and that the fuel is relatively inexpensive compared to electricity.

http://seco.glendale.edu/~rkibler/kilns.html

Function

-Thermal insulation for kiln

Constraints

-Maximum operating temperature 1000C ---Possible limit on kiln-wall thickness for space reasons Minimize energy consumed in firing cycle

Objective

Free variables

-Kiln wall thickness, w -Choice of material

When a kiln is fired, the internal temperature rises quickly from ambient, To, to the operating temperature, Ti, where it is held for the firing time t. At steady state the heat loss by conduction, Q1, per unit area, is given by the first law of heat flow

Here is the thermal conductivity, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and w is the insulation wall-thickness.

 The heat absorbed by the kiln wall in raising it to Ti, and this

can be considerable. Per unit area, it is

where Cp is the specific heat of the wall material and is its density. The total energy consumed per unit area is the sum of these two:

 A wall that is too thin loses much energy by conduction, but

absorbs little energy in heating the wall itself. One that is too thick does the opposite. There is an optimum thickness, which we find by differentiating equation with respect to wall thickness w and equating the result to zero, giving:

Q is minimized by choosing a material with a low value of

the quantity (Cp)1/2, that is, by maximizing-

 It is not generally appreciated that, in an efficiently-designed

kiln, as much energy goes in heating up the kiln itself as is lost by thermal conduction to the outside environment. It is a mistake to make kiln walls too thick; a little is saved in reduced conduction-loss, but more is lost in the greater heat capacity of the kiln itself. That, too is the reason that foams are good: they have a low thermal conductivity and a low heat capacity. Centrally heated houses in which the heat is turned off at night suffer a cycle like that of the kiln. Here (because Ti is lower) the best choice is a polymeric foam, cork, or fiberglass (which has thermal properties like those of foams).

 http://seco.glendale.edu/~rkibler/kilns.html
http://www.directindustry.com/industrial http://www.traditionaloven.com/articles/81/insulating-fire-

bricks Materials Selection in Mechanical Design - Michael F. Ashby http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=insulating+bric s&title=Special%3ASearch

Thank You
Ajay kuntal 2012 AMD 3062 Design Engineering