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2.1
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell Identify the cellular components of an animal cell & a plant cell State the functions of the cellular components in an animal and a plant cell Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant cell Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions of specific cells.
HISTORY
Robert
Hooke (1665) was first discovered the cell structure of plant He examined fine slices of cork with a primitive microscope He saw many box-like structures , then he called cells, from Latin for little rooms.
ORGANELLES
specialised structures which are each surrounded by its own membrane & perform specific function
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Thin, semi-permeable Made of protein, lipid Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Non-organelle
CYTOPLASM
Jelly-like substance that contains water & mineral salts Contains organelles and food such as carbohydrates (glucose) Medium for metabolic reactions Supplies the substances required by organelles Non-organelle
CELL WALL
Thick layer outside the plasma membrane Made up of cellulose, fully permeable Maintains the shape of the plant cells Provides mechanical support Non-organelle
NUCLEUS
Spherical shape with double membrane Contains nucleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm & nuclear membrane Controls & regulates all the activities of cell Contain the heredity factors responsible for the traits
RIBOSOME
Small particles consisting of RNA Exists freely in the cytoplasm or on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis of protein
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A system of membraneenclosed tubules closely packed together and continuous with the nuclear membrane RER has ribosome, SER does not have Transport system for protein & lipids within the cell RER transport protein to other part of cell SER stimulates the synthesis of lipids & cholesterol & transport within the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS Vacuolar region surrounded by a complex meshwork of vesicles budding off at its end Received protein & lipids from ER & modify them to form specific secretion such as enzymes & hormones Pack the secretions formed into secreting vesicles & transport them to plasma membrane to be secreted Controls the secretory activity of cells Formation of lysosomes
VACUOLE
Filled with cell sap, surrounded by semipermeable membrane called the tonoplast Contain water, sugar & dissolved minerals Maintain turgidity of cells in plants
MITOCHONDRIA
Rod-shape with a double membrane Outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane is folded to form cristae Known as powerhouse of the cell Releases energy as it is the site for aerobic respiration
CHLOROPLAST
Disc-shape organelle with a double membrane Consist of an orderly arrangement of grana within the stroma. Granum contains chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis Trapped light energy and change it into chemical energy
LYSOSOMES
Membrane-bound vesicles found in animal cells Contain enzymes which control breakdown of protein & lipids Contain enzymes that digest aged or defective cell components or materials taken in by the cell from its environments such as food particles or bacteria.
CENTRIOLES
SIMILARITIES
PLANT CELL
Both
Both
ANIMAL CELL
Smaller than plant cell Irregular shape
DIFFERENCES
SIZE SHAPE
PLANT CELL
Larger than animal cell Often regular in shape
Absent
Absent
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
Present
Present
VACUOLES
FOOD STORAGE
CENTRIOLES CILIA & FLAGELLA
The number of specific organelles in a cell varies on the type of cell and its function. Active cell many mitochondria to provide enough energy for its activities. Eg. : sperm cells, flight muscle cell (insects & birds)
Cell in meristems of plant shoot & root Green plants more chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis such as palisade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cells, also guard cells.
EXERCISE 2.1
1.
2.
What are the organelle structures of a cell? What are the functions of each structure describe above?