Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
! Limit States, Soil and Rock Properties Deep Foundations Shallow Foundations Earth Retaining Structures
Jerry DiMaggio, P. E., Principal Bridge Engineer (Geotechnical) Federal Highway Administration Office of Bridge Technology Washington D.C.
AASHTO Specification Background: Geotechnical Engineering Presence * TRB/ NCHRP Activities (A LOT!) * Geotechnical Engineering does NOT have a broad based presence on AASHTO SubCommittees and Task Forces as do other technical specialties. * SubCommittee on Construction (guide construction specs) * SubCommittee on Materials (specs on materials and testing standards) * SubCommittee on Bridges and Structures (specs on materials/ systems, design, and construction)
History of AASHTO: Design & Construction Specifications for Bridges and Structures
* First structural Guideline Specification early 1930s (A code yet NOT A code!). * First significant Geotechnical content 1989. * First LRFD specification 1994 (Current 2004, 3rd edition). * First REAL Geotechnical involvement in Bridge SubCommittee activities @ 1996. (Focus on mse walls). * Technical advances to Standard Specifications STOPPED in 1998 to encourage LRFD use (secret). * Major rewrites needed to walls and foundations sections (NOW COMPLETE).
Geotechnical Scope: AASHTO Design & Construction Specifications for Bridges and Structures
* Topics Included: Subsurface Investigations, soil and rock properties, shallow foundations, driven piles, drilled shafts, rigid and flexible culverts, abutments, WALLS (cantilever, mse, crib, bin, anchor).
* Topics NOT addressed: integral abutments, micropiles, augercast piles, soil nails, reinforced slopes, and ALL SOIL and ROCK EARTHWORK FEATURES.
Standard and LRFD AASHTO Specifications * Currently AASHTO has 2 separate specifications: Standard specs 17th edition and LRFD, 2004 3rd edition. * Standard Specifications use a combination of working stress and load factor design platform.
* LRFD uses a limit states design platform with different load and resistance factors (than LFD).
AASHTO and FHWA have agreed that all state DOTs will use LRFD for NEW structure design by 10/07.
Fundamentals of LRFD
* Define the term Limit State * Define the term Resistance * Identify the applicability of each of the four primary limit states. * Understand the components of the fundamental LRFD equation.
A Limit State is a defined condition beyond which a structural component, ceases to satisfy the provisions for which it is designed.
Resistance is a quantifiable value that defines the point beyond which the particular limit state under investigation for a particular component will be exceeded.
Limit States
* Strength Limit State * Extreme Event Limit State * Service Limit State * Fatigue Limit State
L I S T
Rn / FS Q
higiQi Rr = fRn
hi gi Qi Rr f Rn = = = = = = Load modifier (eta) Load factor (gamma) Force effect Factored resistance Resistance factor (phi) Nominal resistance
higiQi Rr = fRn
Qn
f(g ,f )
Rn
Probability of Occurrence
h g Qn
f Rn
Q or R
Subsurface Materials
* Soil * Rock * Water * Organics
10.4 SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES 10.4.1 Informational Needs 10.4.2 Subsurface Exploration 10.4.3 Laboratory Tests 10.4.3.1 Soil Tests 10.4.3.2 Rock Tests 10.4.4 In-situ Tests 10.4.5 Geophysical Tests 10.4.6 Selection of Design Properties 10.4.6.1 Soil Strength 10.4.6.1.1 Undrained strength of Cohesive Soils 10.4.6.1.2 Drained Strength of Cohesive Soils 10.4.6.1.3 Drained strength of Granular Soils 10.4.6.2 Soil Deformation 10.4.6.3 Rock Mass Strength 10.4.6.4 Rock Mass Deformation 10.4.6.5 erodibility of rock
Soil Characteristics
* Composed of individual grains of rock * Relatively low strength * Coarse grained (+ #200)
* High permeability
Rock Characteristics
* Strength
* Intermediate geomaterials, qu = 50-1500 psi * Hard rock, qu > 1500 psi
su
f=0 qu
Typical Values su = 250 - 4000 psf
s
Unconfined Compression su = qu/2
N160
<4 4 10 30 50
ff
25-30 27-32 30-35 35-40 38-43
Soil Deformation
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12
Settlement (in)
10
Time (days)
100
1000
10000
Primary consolidation
Secondary consolidation
Consolidation Properties
eo 1 sp = Preconsolidation Stress
Cr
Cc Cs
0.5
0.1 1 Log10 sv 10 100
2.55
2.3
2.25 0.1 1 10
tp
100 1000 10000
Poissons Ratio, u
Shear Modulus, G
Rock Properties
Laboratory testing is for small intact rock specimens Rock mass is too large to be tested in lab or field Rock mass properties are obtained by correlating intact rock to large-scale rock mass behavior failures in tunnels and mine slopes Requires geologic expertise
Unconfined Compression, qu Point Load Test Typical Values qu = 1500 - 50000 psi
Rock Quality
0.8 ft Sound
Not sound, highly weathered Not sound, centerline pieces < 4 inches, highly weathered Sound Not sound
Length, L
0.7 ft 0.8 ft
Sound
CR = 95%
RQD = 53%
C1 stm
h = 1 + 16(msn+squ)/(3m2qu)
Poissons Ratio, u
Typical values range from 0.1 to 0.3
EM 145,000 10
RMR 10
40
(psi x 106) 12 10
8
6
Ea = 2 RMR - 100
GEC 5 FHWA-IF-02-034
Jerry A. DiMaggio P. E. Principal Bridge Engineer TEL: (202) 366-1569 FAX: (202) 366-3077
The best Geotechnical web site in town! www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge