5/4/2013 1

Basic Laws of Gases and Particulates

Ideal gas law
Unit of concentration
Vapor pressure & partial pressure
Humidity & psychrometric chart
Viscosity
Aerosol size
Aerosol size distribution
Settling velocity
Brownian motion and diffusion
5/4/2013 2
Ideal Gas Law
Other references:
1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics
2. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook
T R n Q P
T R MW P
T R
MW
M
T R n V P
=
=
=
=

P: pressure
V: volume
n: mole
R: Ideal gas law constant
T: Temperature
M: mass
MW: molecular weight
: density
Q: volume flow rate
: molar flow rate
n

5/4/2013 3
Ideal Gas Law Constant
82.057
8.314
8.314
8.314
What is the volume of 1 g-mole
of air at 25
o
C and 1 atm?

How many lb-moles are there
for 380 ft
3
of air at 60
o
F and 14.7
psi?
Avogadros number:
6.02310
23
molecules/mole

At 1 atm and 25
o
C, 1 mole of
air has a volume of 24.5 L
5/4/2013 4
Unit of Concentration
Is 1 g/cm
3
SO
2
equal to 1 ppm SO
2
?
The annual standard of NO
2
is 100 g/m
3
. What is the
concentration in ppb?
Is ppm molar basis, volume basis or mass basis?
Whats the difference between ACFM and SCFM?
Section 7.1.2
5/4/2013 5
Concentration on a dry basis
Water vapor is commonly present in a heated gas
stream, e.g., combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.
Water vapor can condense as temperature cools down.
The amount varies and is very sensitive to temperature.
To prevent the variation, standards are written to correct
to "dry" conditions when expressing concentrations.
volume basis wet volume basis dry
CO
2
18% 18%*(100/88) = 20.5%
H
2
O 12%
O
2
10% 10%*(100/88) = 11.4%
N
2
60% 60%*(100/88) = 68.2%
Total = 100% (100-12)%*(100/88) = 100%
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Vapor Pressure
The pressure required to maintain a vapor in equilibrium
with the condensed vapor (liquid or solid) with a flat
surface at a specified temperature

T C
B
A T P
v
+
= ) ( log P
v
in mmHg and T in
o
C (if Table 9.2 is used)
(Saturation)
Vapor Pressure
Time to reach equilibrium
How does vapor pressure change if the temperature increases?
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What is the vapor pressure of water at 20
o
C? If the
measurement is conducted on Mars (the atmospheric
pressure is about 0.006 atm), what will be the value?
5/4/2013 9
Partial Pressure
) 100 (
) (
= = S RH
T P
P
S
v
a
Supersaturation: S > 1 (RH > 100%)
Saturation Ratio
(or relative humidity for water)
The pressure that a gas (or vapor) in a mixture of gases would exert
if it were to occupy the entire volume occupied by the mixture
T a a
P y P =
y
a
: mole fraction of component a
in the mixture in the gas phase
P
T
: total pressure of the system
After a shower at dusk, the temperature starts to drop. How do
P
V
and P
a
change correspondingly?
1 mole of
O
2
@ 1 atm
4 moles of N
2
How much is P
O2
?
5/4/2013 10
Humidity in Air/Water Mixture
Psychometric Chart (Figure 1.3)
Dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temperature: the temperature at
which a thermometer with a wet wick
wrapped around the bulb stabilizes
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wsling.htm
The state of an air/water mixture is determined by pressure,
temperature & humidity
Properties of T
DB
of 40
o
C and T
WB
of 30
o
C?
Why is T
DB
always higher than T
WB
?
5/4/2013 11
http://howard.engr.siu.edu/staff1/tech/MET/ET401/LAB/psychro_carrier_si.jpg
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Viscosity
A measure of frictional force between fluid layers
moving at different velocities
At 20
o
C, the viscosity () of air is 1.8110
-5
Pa s (Ns/m
2
).
The temperature dependence (on absolute temperature) is:
74 . 0
1
2
1 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
T
What is the viscosity of air at 100
o
C?
(Valid between -70 to 500
o
C)
5/4/2013 13
Characterizing an Aerosol Particle
How do we characterize a particle?
Size, Shape, Density, Composition (toxicity,
corrosivity, reactivity), Phase (liquid, solid)
Coal fly ash particles Iron oxide particles from arc welding
Why should we care the aerosol size?
5/4/2013 14
Size Range of Aerosol Particles
Hinds, Aerosol Technology, 1999
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Aerosol Size Distribution
How do we characterize particleS?
Concentration:
Number concentration by counting
Mass concentration by weight measurement
Size
Spread
Particle size distribution

d
p
(m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
q
(d
p
) P
ro
b
a
b
ility
D
e
n
s
ity
F
u
n
c
tio
n
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

5/4/2013 16
d
p
(m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
q
(d
p
) P
ro
b
a
b
ility D
e
n
sity F
u
n
ctio
n
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Type of Size Distribution
Ex. A system containing spherical particles
Number Concentration: Mass Concentration:
100 #/cc 1m & = 1.91g/cm
3
10
-10
g/cc 1m
1 #/cc 10m 10
-9
g/cc 10m
Do we have more 1 m or 10 m particles (i.e. are
the majority 1 or 10 m)?
How will it impact the PSD we see?
d
p
(m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
M
a
ss fra
ctio
n
/

m
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Number Distribution
N
u
m
b
e
r

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

Mass Distribution
M
a
s
s

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

5/4/2013 17
Settling Velocity
Microscopy, Settling velocity, Light scattering
How do we determine the particle size?
F
G
=mg
t=0
V(t)=0
F
G
=mg
t=t
V(t)=?

F
G
=mg
t>3t
V(t)=V
TS
F
D
=3tV(t)d
p
F
D
=3tV
TS
d
p
In settling, an aerosol experiences gravitational force (F
G
) and drag force (F
D
)
When they are equal to each other,
there is no more acceleration.
mg d V F F
p p G D
= t = 3

= =
18
2
g d
V V
p p
TS p
How to get a larger
settling velocity?
5/4/2013 18
Brownian Motion & Diffusion
The primary transport mechanism for small particles
(< 0.1 m); Important when transport distance is
small: e.g. filter, airway in human lung
Brownian motion: irregular wiggling motion of a
particle caused by random bombardment of gas
molecules against the particle
Diffusion: the net transport of the particles from a
region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownian.html
http://www.geocities.com/piratord/browni/Difus.html
p
c
d
kTC
D
t 3
=
Stokes-Einstein Equation for
Diffusion Coefficient
How to get a
larger diffusivity?
k = 1.38X10
-23
J/K or 1.38X10
-16
erg/K
5/4/2013 19
Quick Reflection