HOLT

World History
CHAPTER 22
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Industrial Revolution

Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution Section 2: The Factory System Section 3: New Methods and Business Organizations Section 4: Living and Working Conditions Section 5: Socialism
HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON

HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Objectives:
Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. Describe how inventions in the textile industry led to other new inventions. Analyze the effects that developments in transportation and communication had on the spread of the Industrial Revolution.
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World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure movement smaller landholdings combined into more efficient, larger holdings New farming methods bronze and iron tools Crop rotation

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HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Factors of Production
Land all natural resources Capital money, tools, machinery, equipment, inventory Labor migration into cities, population growth

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AND

WINSTON

HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Textile Industry
New inventions mechanization Effects of mechanization supply increased, prices decreased, demand increased

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HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engines, Iron, and Steel
Iron and steel mechanization meant that more iron was needed

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AND

WINSTON

HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Other Industrialization
Production of shoes, clothing, ammunition, and furniture Printing, papermaking, lumber, and food processing Vulcanization basis of modern rubber industry

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HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Transportation
Steam engine locomotive, steamboat

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HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Communications Revolution
Scientific research Battery Electricity Telegraph

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WINSTON

HOLT

World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Spread of Industry
Cotton gin Mechanical reaper Canals, railroads Steel industry

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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

Objectives:
Explain how the increased use of machinery affected workers and working conditions. Identify the differences between the middle class and the working class. Analyze how the lives of women changed during the Industrial Revolution.
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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

How Machines Affected Work
Mechanization made jobs simpler and less skilled

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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

The Wage System
Costs of production Labor supply Wages for other work Gender higher wages for men

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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

The Lives of Factory Workers
Many rules to follow Cold and damp in winter, steamy in summer Frequent accidents Shabby, cramped apartment buildings

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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

Development of the Middle Class
Industries and cities grew Well-educated middle class thrived Families could rise in social (class) standing

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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

The Factory System

Effect of Industrialization on Womens Lives
Women began working outside the home Women gained independence

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HOLT

World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

New Methods and Business Organizations

Objectives:
Explain how and why the methods of production changed during the Industrial Revolution. Identify what caused corporations to emerge and the effects they had on business. Define the business cycle and explain how it affected society.
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

New Methods and Business Organizations

Capitalism and Changing Production Methods
Division of labor and interchangeable parts unskilled labor lowered cost of production; interchangeable parts allowed speedy and inexpensive repairs The assembly line mass production

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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

New Methods and Business Organizations

Rise of the Corporation
Sold stocks in companies to raise money to run and expand business Monopoly one corporation had almost complete control over production or sale of a single good or service Cartels business combinations to control every stage of an entire industry
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

New Methods and Business Organizations

Business Cycles
Alternating periods of prosperity and decline

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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Living and Working Conditions

Objectives:
Identify Adam Smiths ideas and explain how they affected peoples views of industrialization. Explain the causes of reform movements. Analyze how workers tried to improve their lives.

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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Living and Working Conditions

Economic Theories
Laws of economics law of supply and demand, law of competition Malthus and Ricardo believed that human misery and poverty are inevitable Laissez-faire no government regulation of business
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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Living and Working Conditions

Reformers Arise
Humanitarians work to improve conditions of others Utilitarianism greatest happiness for greatest number of people John Stuart Mill government should work for good of all its citizens
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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Living and Working Conditions

Early Reform Laws
Factory Act improved work conditions for children

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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Living and Working Conditions

Collective Action
Strikes workers protest by refusing to work Unions workers associations to bargain on workers behalf

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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Socialism
Objectives:
Describe the type of society that early socialists wanted to establish. Explain how Robert Owen put his socialist beliefs into action. Explain what Karl Marx believed would happen to the capitalist world of the 1880s. Identify some of the competing ideas that arose out of Marxism.
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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Socialism
Socialism
Utopian socialists believed people could live peacefully with each other and work for the common good Owen villages of cooperation; built homes and schools for workers

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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Socialism
The Theories of Karl Marx
Believed production would stop without workers

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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY

Socialism
Variations of Socialism
Communism Democratic socialism

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