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Protein Synthesis

Presentation by: Mamoona Masood Roll No. 12

Introduction Functions Protein synthesis in Prokaryotes Making of proteins Transcription, Translation PTM Conclusion

Proteins make up all living materials. Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA.

DNA is found inside the nucleus.


Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosome

Ribosome may be free in the cytosol or attached to the surface of rough ER.

bodies

Cells DNA

Protein

DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work

Proteins are composed of amino acids there are 20 different amino acids

Different proteins are made by combining these 20 amino acids in different combinations

Proteins are manufactured (made) by the ribosomes. DNA is the MASTER PLAN. RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan

Help fight disease Build new body tissue Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins (Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction), Component of all cell membranes

:
In Prokaryotes, Transcription and translation occur in the same cellular compartmentthe cytosol. Ribosomes are the site of translation.

Transcription and Translation are the two main steps from gene to protein

First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called Transcription
Why? We need RNA?

DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be made, but proteins are made by the ribosomesribosomes are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
DNA is too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but RNA can leave the nucleus (single stranded).

Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA). The resulting mRNA carries this transcript of proteinbuilding instructions to the cells protein-synthesizing machinery. RNA transcription is similar to DNA replication but with several differences. DNA is unwound and transcribed into an RNA strand in the 5' -> 3' direction but only one side of the DNA is used and different enzymes are required.

A molecule of RNA polymerase binds with a promoter region in the DNA. (This is a base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene). The RNA polymerase will recognize the following sequences of DNA bases as a template for adding RNA nucleotides and use them to build a single strand of RNA

mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome.

Second Step: Decoding of mRNA into a protein is called Translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. During this process, the linear sequence of bases in mRNA s translated into the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Translation occurs on ribosome, complex particles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains. In the Genetic code, a particular triplet of nucleotides specifies a certain amino acid

A series of three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acidcalled a codon.

Amino acid
A triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to the codon in mRNAcalled an anticodon. Each tRNA codes for a different amino acid.

Anticodon

The building of a polypeptide, occurs in three stages. * Initiation * Elongation* Termination Initiation of Translation An initiation complex is assembled. Initiator tRNA binds to the start codon (AUG) which marks the point at which translation will begin and brings methionine as the first amino acid of the polypeptide chain. At this time the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5 end of the mRNA strand with the help of initiation factors (proteins within the ribosome) Next the large ribosomal subunit binds to the small subunit to form a functional ribosome. The initiator tRNA fits into the P site of the ribosome leaving the A site empty and ready to be filled.

The next tRNA molecule enters the A site with the help of elongation factors and binds its anticodon to the codon on the mRNA strand. The amino acid it is carrying is bonded to the growing peptide chain using the enzyme peptidyl transferase. The tRNA in the P site releases its polypeptide chain and detaches from the ribosome and mRNA. The ribosome slides down filling the P site with the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain and once again leaving the A site empty for another tRNA molecule.

Polypeptide = Protein

When a termination (stop) codon is reached (UAA, UAG, UGA) a protein release factor binds to the codon and starts termination. The polypeptide is freed form the tRNA it is attached to and also released the tRNA from the mRNA strand along with the the ribosome which breaks apart to start the process all over again on a differed mRNA strand.

Posttranslational modification (PTM) is a step in protein biosynthesis. The polypeptide chains undergo PTM, (such as folding, cutting and other processes), before becoming the mature protein product. After translation, the posttranslational modification of amino acids extends the range of functions of the protein by attaching it to other biochemical functional groups (such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates), changing the chemical nature of an amino acid (e.g.citrullination), or making structural changes (e.g. formation of disulfide bridges).

Stop ___________/___________/___________/____________

Methionine

Asparagine

Aspartic Acid

The Conclusion of my presentation is that the proteins are most important component in regulation of lives. The proteins are synthesized by the information given by DNA in the form of RNA template and by the process of translation the protein poly peptide chains are formed and after that posttranslational modification occur which help them to maintain their native structure. And than proteins are transported to its respective area where it needed.

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