Tahreem Fatima Roll# 10 M.

Sc
sem 2

CLONING

Contents
Definition Clone History Cloning Techniques Types of cloning Applications Importance of CLONING Conclusion

Definition
Cloning may be define as The process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occur in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants produce asexually. The process in which multiple identical copies of a DNA sequence are formed. Production of genetically identical copies of organisms by asexual reproduction.

CLONE
Clone may defined as A cell, group of cells or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to a single ancestor. Cell or individual and all its asexually produced offsprings.

History
In 1800s Hans Dreich separated a Sea urchin embryo, when it was just 2 celled, both cells grow to adults. In early 1900s Hans Spemann extended Dreichs work to Salamanders. In 1952 Briggs & King clone tadpole. In 1962 John Gurdon clones frog from differentiated cells. In 1977 Karl Illmensee creats mice with only one parent. In 1996 first animal cloned from adult cell is born.

TECHNIQUES Somatic cell nuclear transfer

The nucleus of a somatic cell of an organism is removed from the cell. Nucleus from egg cell is also discarded. The of the somatic is insetred into the egg cell. The egg cell comatic cells nucleus is then shoked and degin to divide After dividing, embryo will have identical DNA to the original organism.

Roslin Technique
The nucleus from an egg cell is removed. The enucleated egg cell and a somatic cell are joined together by an electric chargeand implanted into the host organism. The cell act like a normal egg and grow into a new organism as a clone of the donar animal.

 The nucleus of somatic cell is removed, the nucleus of egg cell is removed. The somatic cells nucleus is implanted into the cytoplasm of the egg cell. The egg cell is then treated witg special chemicals and implanted into the surrogate organism.

Types of CLONING Reproductive type

In somatic cell nuclear transfer, nucleus is extracted from the somatic cell and insart it into an egg which has its nucleus removed. The egg is stimulated and shocked and a new surrogate organism developed.

Therapeutic Type
It is performed for the pur[pose of medical treatment. Formally it is called the Somatic cell Nuclear transfer. It involves extracting the nucleus of a cell and putting it into an egg which is denucleated. Egg is allowed to divide and grow and new organism is formed.

Recombinant DNA Cloning

The fragment of DnA to be amplified is inserted into a cloning vector. The most commonly used vector is PLASMID. Vectors contain the genetic information That allows bacterial DNA replication machinery to copy it. After insertion of the foreign DNA, The plasmid or phage vector is re-introduced into a bacterial cell. The growing bacterial culture replicates the foreign DNA in hundreds of copies per cell.

Applications
In Medical field transplantation Isolation of proteins Identifications of Mutations Duagnosis of hereditary disaese In Agriculture For Microbial cells In Plants

Conclusion
Cloning is the process to generate multiple copies of organism or cell asexually. Fission is the process that occurs naturally. Cloning is very beneficial process to get many useful things. several animals and plants have been cloned for economic, medical and for many benificial values. BUT there had not yet been a successful clone of a PRIMATE.