The core to 4G Mobile Communications

Willie W. Lu, Jenny Hu U.S. Center for Wireless Communications P.O.Box 19789, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CA 94309, USA

Luis Eduardo Snchez de Loera

Overview
Wireless Future - Evolution -> 3G 4G Mobile Technology Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed? Objectives Approaches What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future? THE CREW: CURRENT R&D Wireless Future -> Issues and Threats Developments/ Industry Initiatives Applications

Introduction
Mobility is one of the most invigorating features, having an enormous impact on how communication is evolving into the future. Mobility in 4G networks requires new level of mobility support as compared to traditional mobility. This review aims to identify and explore the different issues and challenges related to mobility management in 4G networks.
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0G
Half-duplex lines One speaks, the other cannot speak. Push-to-talk protocol (PTT) Voice only Two-way radio / Walkie-Talkies Mobile Telephone System (MTS) 1946 MTS 1962 IMTS

1G
Analog cell phones Voice only 1980s to 1990s NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Problem with analog:
Not encrypted Prone to distortions

2G
1991
Digital networks SMS

Mainly circuit-switched Multiplexing: TDMA and CDMA Standards: GSM, iDEN 1999 2.5G
GPRS
Data rate up to 128 kb/s

EDGE
Data rate up to 384 kb/s

3G
Combines with IP based services Video-conferencing Transfer of data:
Emails Documents

Music downloading?

CDMA2000, UMTS, W-CDMA Problem:

Different places, different air interfaces Cost of deploying

Internet, e-mail, fax, e-commerce, music, video clips, and videoconferencing

UMTS- UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

4G
Expected in 2010 Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global support, Integrated wireless solution, Customized personal service WiMAX

Wireless Future - Evolution -> 3G (3rd generation of mobile networks)

The Third Generation of mobile communications systems will soon be implemented. Following on the heals of analog and digital technology, the Third Generation will be digital mobile multimedia offering broadband mobile communications with voice, video, graphics, audio and other information. In fact, in countries such as Japan, South Korea and Singapore 3G networks are already deployed and being used.
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Evolution of the Mobile Technologies

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What is 4G anyway?
4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. The 4G is defined as a completely new fully IPbased integrated system of systems and network of networks achieved after convergence of wired and wireless networks as well as computers, consumer electronics, and communication technology and several other convergences that will be capable to provide 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps, respectively in outdoor and indoor environments, with endto-end QoS and high security, offering any kind of services at any time as per user requirements, anywhere with seamless interoperability, always on, affordable cost, one billing and fully personalized.
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Generation Overview
Technology First design 1G 1970 2G 1980 1991 2.5G 1985 1999 3G 1990 2002 4G 2000 2010?

Implementation 1982

Service

Analog voice

Digital voice, SMS

Packaged data

Broadband data up to 2 mb/s

EV-DO, W-CDMA, HSDPA

IP-oriented unlimited multimedia data

WiMAX, HSOPA

Standards

AMPS

TDMA, CDMA, GSM

GPRS, EDGE

Data bandwidth 1.9 kbps

14.4 kbps

384 kbps

2 mbps

200 mbps

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Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?

3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude. There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability Difficulty in continuously increasing bandwidth and high data rate to meet multimedia services requirements, together with the coexistence of different services needing different QoS. We need wider bandwidth We need all digital packet network that utilizes IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability.

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Objectives

The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard: A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site) High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks Interoperability with existing wireless standards and An all IP, packet switched network In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilise network resources to meet the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.
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Principal Technologies
Baseband techniques[9] OFDM: To exploit the frequency selective channel property MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency Turbo principle: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side Adaptive radio interface Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO

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Components - Access schemes

Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MCCDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is being considered for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues.
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Components IPV6
By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices. In the context of 4G, IPv6 also enables a number of applications with better multicast, security, and route optimization capabilities.
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Components - Advanced Antenna Systems

Transmitting & receiving antennas Resolve problem of diminishing spectrum availability Doesnt require increase power or additional frequency Fix no. of beams that can be selected to follow devices as it moves about

Advantages: Increased capacity Increased range Less power use for transmission Reductions in handoff rate New services Increase security
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Components SoftwareDefined Radio (SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
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What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?

Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World More Academic Research Standardization of wireless networks A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking Integration Across Different Network Topologies Non-disruptive Implementation
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THE CREW: CURRENT R&D

Alcatel, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Siemens founded the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in early 2001 (www.wireless-world-research.org). That forum's objective is to formulate visions on strategic future research directions for the wireless field. The timeframe for these reflections is in the range of 7 to 12 years from now. The main deliverables of the WWRF are white papers on emerging-technology topics and its seminal Book of Visions.

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Developments/ Industry Initiatives

The Japanese company NTT DoCoMo has been testing a 4G communication system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSFOFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, has announced that they have received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. Sprint plans to launch 4G services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans to deploy a network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008 and has also announced WiMax service called Xohm. Tested in Chicago, this speed was clocked at 100 Mbit/s. WWRF (Wireless World Research Forum)- consisting of Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens have started a research forum for 4G

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Applications
E-commerce Business/Work Private Life Vehicular Public Place Entertainment Education

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References

Janny Hu,Willie W. Lu ,Open Wireless Architecture The Core to 4G Mobile Communications. In Proceedings of ICCT, 2003.
Jawad Ibrahim (December 2002). "4G Features" (PDF). Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal. Retrieved on 2007-03-26.

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THANK YOU

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