INDO–US DEAL

INDIA - US PRESENTED BY :–
Praveen kumar kekti

01/04/2008
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DIMAT
 NUCLEAR ENERGY
 The energy evolved by “Nuclear Fission” or
“Nuclear Fusion” is know as nuclear energy.
 The energy is liberated in fission, when
heavy atomic nucleus, such as uranium spilt
in to two or more parts and generate large
amount of energy by striking of neutron.

Ba-140
= + 3 n + Energy
U-236
Neutron U-235
Kr-93
2
Fig: Nuclear Fission
 CONTINUED……………….
 Nuclear Fusion:-
In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei, such
as hydrogen, combines to form a stable
nucleus and again large energy is
released.
Fig: Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear

H + H Reaction = 2 He + Energy

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 RESEARCH NUCLEAR REACTORS
IN INDIA
 Main research nuclear reactors are :-

1.) Apsara at BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research center)

2.) Zerlina
3.) Purnima
4.) Trombay
5.) Dhruva
6.) R–5
Purnima used Plutorium while others use Uranium
(U-235, U-233) as a fuel.
First research nuclear reactor setup was Apsara, in the
year 1952.
 Uranium ore is obtained from Jaduguda mine (Bihar).
 In Hyderabad, Nuclear fuel (U-235) is made.
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 ATOMIC POWER STATIONS
 There are 12 main Atomic Power
Stations in India. Few of them are:
(a) Tarapur Atomic Power Station (Maharastra)
(b) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (kota)
(c) Narora Atomic Power Station ( U.P.)
(d) Indira Gandhi Center of Research ( Chennai)

India is the first country in the world which uses

U-233 (A man made fissionable material) derived
from Thorium.
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ATOMIC ENERGY CENTERS IN INDIA

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 WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY??
 Total requirement of power in India
is 130000 MW and currently
produced is only 119000 Mw.
Nuclear energy can help India to
achieve the target of 200000 Mw by
2020.
 It provides clean energy.
 Carbon emission will be reduced up
to appropriate level.
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 The landmark nuclear energy agreement that
deepens ties between the worlds oldest & the largest
democracy was announced in the year 2005. The
agreement was signed by US president (Bush) &
Indian Prime minister (Manmohan Singh) on 18th July
2005.
 The United states-India peaceful Atomic Energy
Cooperation Act, of 2006 is the legal basis for the
Indo-US Deal (123 Agreement). Under which the
U.S. promised to provide access to civilian nuclear
technology & nuclear fuel to India, in exchange for
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) –
safeguards on civilians Indian reactors. 8
 KEY FEATURES OF NUKE DEAL
 India can have nuclear cooperation
and trade with US and others
without compromising its weapons
program. India need not sign the
Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) or
put its nuclear facilities under full-
scope safeguards.

 It gives India assured fuel supplies

for its civilian nuclear reactors in
returns of them going under
permanent safeguards.

 It allows India to reprocess and 9

recycle spent fuel.

 This deal is known as 123 Agreement because it
comes from Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy
Act,1954 under which the US has to conclude any
bilateral civilian nuclear cooperation agreement.

 It took 300 working hours for Indian and American

technical experts to put together a 30-page
document that constitutes the so-called 123
Agreement which will bring into effect the U.S-India
civilian nuclear deal.
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 CONTINUED……………..

 This agreement needs to be

approved by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) &
must receive unconditional
exemption from the rules for nuclear
commerce set by the 45-nation
Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG).

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 HOW DOES NUKE DEAL HELP INDIA
 India will get access to more and
diversified sources of energy. It will help to
fulfill the growing demand of electric power
in India.

 New scenario will be create for high tech

and dual-use technology in sectors as
diverse as IT, defense, space,
Pharmaceuticals etc.

 Nuke deal will open a new door for us

because India has been prohibited from
buying nuclear fuel & technology from
world market for it’s civilian energy
program, since it conducted its nuclear
tests in 1974.

 India will get recognition as a state with

advanced nuclear technology. 12
WHY US INTRESTED IN NUKE DEAL
 It will create healthy environment in
relationship between United States and
India.

 India’s growing demand for electric

power will mean a lot of nuclear
reactors, and billions of dollars of
business for US companies.

 Rise of India will help US, as in the post-

cold war world: India and US on same
side.

 US firms can partner India in high–tech

ventures which they are forbidden to do
at present.
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 THE POSSIBLE PITFALLS
 If India conducts
an N–test, the deal
could fall apart.

 The bar on test

would be upheld by
the Nuclear
Supplier's Group
(NSG). India

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THE POINTS OF OPPOSITION IN THE US TO DEAL

 Non–proliferation lobby feels it’s too generous to

India.
 India should not get the right to reprocess spent
fuel.
 India will make N–weapons with it’s own
uranium.
 The “wrong signal” will go out to Iran, North–
Korea and Pakistan.
 It will undermine global Non-proliferation system.

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 VIEW OF INDIAN PARTIES ABOUT NUKE DEAL

 The Congress–led United Progressive

Alliance government showing
keenness to go ahead with deal but
the Left parties are strongly apposing
it.

 On 18th August 2007, the Left parties Mr. Prakash karat

warned the government of “Serious
consequences” of operational zing the
Indo-US nuclear deal, but short of
withdrawing support to the UPA
coalition.
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 CONTINUED……..
 By growing apposition to the
nuclear deal from the left
parties Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh once went to
the extend of even daring them
to withdraw support to the
government on the issue.

 The deal also drew fire from the

right-wing BJP which initially
supported it.
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THE POINTS OF OPPOSITION IN THE INDIA TO DEAL
 Any kind of restriction in the foreign
policy of India will not be negotiated.
 Opposition insists that Indian
government should not start talks
with IAEA (International Atomic
Energy Agency) for the nuclear safe-
guard agreement.
 There should be guaranty of
providing nuclear fuel from the 45
members Nuclear Supplier Group
(NSG). 18
 CONTINUED…….

 According to IAEA, India should be

considered as special Protocol.

 Only IAEA should get permission for

the inspection of nuclear reactors
and US should not do inspection in
the nuclear plants.

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 RELEVANCE OF “HYDE ACT”

 The left parties had also raised

concerns about the domestic US law
called the J. Henry Hyde Act.
 It was passed by the US congress in
December 2006.
 The Hyde Act gives US
administration the waiver to reach a
pact with India which has not signed
NPT.
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 India is currently engaged with IAEA, in
respect of India's specific safeguard
agreement. The discussions are over, but
the agreements are yet to be initialed and
approved by the Board of Governors.

 The Indian Left's opposition to the

agreement that's coming in the way of
Bush's keenness to see it implemented
before, he leaves office in January 2009.

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 On 25th march 2008 during US visit External
Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee said :- “we
have some political problems in our country.
Currently, we are engaged in resolving those
problems. But we are hoping that the deal will
definitely come in the existence.”

 Secretary of State-Condoleezza Rice, added

parrying a question, the deal would have to be
given up if it is not completed and sent to US
Congress by July, given its electoral calendar.

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“Struggle is the father of all
things. It is not by the
principles of humanity that
man lives or able to preserve
himself above the animal
world, but solely by means of
the brutal struggle.”
- Adolf Hitler

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 THANK YOU
THANKYOU
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OR SUGESSTIONS
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