Nortel Confidential Information 2

HSDPA Link Budget Presentation

Core WNE, 22nd June 2006

Nortel Confidential Information 3
Agenda
Uplink Link Budget

Downlink Link Budget

HSDPA Throughput

Nortel Confidential Information 4
> Uplink Link Budget
Nortel Confidential Information 5
Uplink Link Budget




BS BS
UE S - G Slantloss - Cableloss - G Tx Loss Path Reverse Max + + = UE
> Aim: UL capacity and Max Available Path Loss




UL capacity thanks to N-pole Formula
Cell Size with Cost Hata model

> Same parameters as R99 link budget except BS Eb/No
Frequency : 1980Mhz
Environment : Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural
Services : Speech 12.2, CS 64, PS 64, PS 128
BTS : Noise Figure, Antenna Gain,
UE : Noise Figure, UE Power
Margin / loss : Shadow Margin, penetration loss, body loss, cable & connectors loss,
slant loss
For more information about R99 Link budget see the guidelines at this link :
http://navigate.us.nortel.com/imds?pg=/eng/wne/umts/acc/rf/lb



Margins - PathLoss Reverse Max PathLoss Reverse Available =
Uplink Link Budget
General
CS 64
RX Frequency band (MHz) 1980
TX Frequency band (MHz) 2170
Spreading bandwidth (kHz) 3840
Thermal noise (kTB) (dBm) -108.2
Data rate (kb/s) 64.0
Processing gain (dB) 17.8

BS RX Eb/No (dB) 4.2 dB
Thermal noise (kTB) (dBm) -108.2 dBm
BS RX noise figure (dB) 2.5 dB
BS RX sensitivity (dBm) -119.7 dBm

BS RX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi
Maximum UE TX power (dBm)/MEAN 21.0 dBm
UE TX antenna gain (dBi) 0.0 dBi
Total UE TX EIRP (dBm) 21.0 dBm
BS RX cable & connector losses (dB) 3.0 dB
Slant losses (dB) 1.5 dB
Maximum allowable isotropic path loss (dB) 153.2 dB

Area Reliability 90%
Total Standard Deviation 13.3 dB
Shadowing Margin 5.2 dB
Penetration Factor 18.0 dB
UL Interference margin due to traffic loading
(dB) 3.0 dB
Body loss (dB) 1.0 dB
Reverse Total required margin (dB) 27.2 dB
Available Reverse Link Budget (dB) 126.0 dB
Capacity
Activity factor 1.0
Frequency reuse efficiency 0.6
UL loading factor (%) 50%
Eb/No gain due to diversity with SHO 1.0 dB
Pole capacity per sector (# of links) 20.0
UL Capacity per sector (# of links) 10.0
Troughput (kbps) 639.4
Cell dimensioning
Site antenna height (m) 30.0
Propagation coefficient 35.2
Path loss at 1 km 137.6
Selected environment correction 0.0
Maximum coverage range (km) 0.47 km
Area covered by 1 Site (km) 0.43 km

TMA No
Nortel Confidential Information 6
Node B performance : Eb/No

>HS-DPCCH impact






DPDCH
n I
E
j
c
d,1 |
d
S
dpch,n

I+jQ
DPDCH
1
Q
c
d,3 |
d
c
d,2 |
d
DPDCH
2
c
c |
c
DPCCH

E
S
c
hs
HS-DPCCH
(If Nmax-dpdch mod 2 = 1)
c
hs
HS-DPCCH
(If Nmax-dpdch mod 2 = 0)
|
hs
|
hs
c
d,6 |
d

DPDCH
n+1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
2 2 2
2 2
log 10 LOSS
hs c d
c d
| | |
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 2
1 *
c
hs
c
d
DPCCH
P er MaxUETxPow
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
log * 10 ) ( ) (
*
hs d c
d c
DCH
hs d c
d c
DCH
dB er MaxUETxPow dB P
er MaxUETxPow P
| | |
| |
| | |
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=

2 2 2
2
1 *
hs d c
hs
DPCCH HS
er MaxUETxPow
P er MaxUETxPow
| | |
|
>The maximum UE TX power deduced




>So the DCH available power is:

And

>The loss in performance is given by the following formula:

See 3GPP TS25.213
Nortel Confidential Information 7
>HS-DPCCH impact

Eb /No loss due to HS- DPCCH:




iCEM








More repetitions less losses

QoS
HS-DPCCH : 4% BLER on ACK/NACK and CQI
Speech : 10
-1
BLER
PS64/128/384: 10
-1
BLER



Loss (dB)
Speech 1.5
CS 64 1.3
PS 64 1.3
PS 128 0.6
PS 384 0.3
loss
N
E
N
E
R iCEM
b
HSDPA
b
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
99 '
0 0
Node B performance : Eb/No
Nortel Confidential Information 8
> The N-pole formula gives the maximum number of channels that the radio
can carry:
PG is the processing gain
FR is the frequency reuse efficiency
V is the activity factor
Eb/N0 is the UL performances requirements
GSHO is the gain obtained on the Eb/N0 due to uplink
selection diversity when doing soft/softer handover

> Assumptions :
Pedestrian A @3km/h
FR = 60 %
GSHO = 1 dB

Service
Without
HSDPA
With HSDPA
PS 64 12 10
PS 128 7 6
PS 384 3 3
Real capacity 50% loaded cell
SHO
0
b
pole
.
PG.FR
1
G
N
E
V
N + =
HSDPA impact on the N-pole capacity
Nortel Confidential Information 9
> Downlink Link Budget
Nortel Confidential Information 10
Downlink Link Budget




> Aim : Power allocated to HSDPA traffic
Max Available
Reverse
Pathloss
Max Down-Link Pathloss
PA Dimensioning
(% of PA for
Common
Channels, traffic
channels)
HSDPA Traffic
Power
HSDPA
Throughput
Nortel Confidential Information 11
Downlink Link Budget

Max Available Reverse
Pathloss
Max Down Link Pathloss =
Available Reverse Pathloss + Frequency shift UL/DL + Penetration factor +
Body Loss
+ Slant loss + Cable/feeders loss + Shadow margin BS Antenna Gain

Nortel Confidential Information 12
Downlink Link Budget

Max Available Reverse Pathloss
Max Down Link Pathloss =
Available Reverse Pathloss + Frequency shift UL/DL + Penetration factor + Body Loss
+ Slant loss + Cable/feeders loss + Shadow margin BS Antenna Gain





Uplink Link Budget
General
CS 64
RX Frequency band (MHz) 1980
TX Frequency band (MHz) 2170
Spreading bandwidth (kHz) 3840
Thermal noise (kTB) (dBm) -108.2
Data rate (kb/s) 64.0
Processing gain (dB) 17.8

BS RX Eb/No (dB) 3.8 dB
Thermal noise (kTB) (dBm) -108.2 dBm
BS RX noise figure (dB) 2.5 dB
BS RX sensitivity (dBm) -119.7 dBm

BS RX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi
Maximum UE TX power (dBm)/MEAN 21.0 dBm
UE TX antenna gain (dBi) 0.0 dBi
Total UE TX EIRP (dBm) 21.0 dBm
BS RX cable & connector losses (dB) 3.0 dB
Slant losses (dB) 1.5 dB
Maximum allowable isotropic path loss (dB) 153.2 dB

Area Reliability 90%
Total Standard Deviation 13.3 dB
Shadowing Margin 5.2 dB
Penetration Factor 18.0 dB
UL Interference margin due to traffic loading
(dB) 3.0 dB
Body loss (dB) 1.0 dB
Reverse Total required margin (dB) 27.2 dB
Available Reverse Link Budget (dB) 126.0 dB
Capacity
Activity factor 1.0
Frequency reuse efficiency 0.6
UL loading factor (%) 50%
Eb/No gain due to diversity with SHO 1.0 dB
Pole capacity per sector (# of links) 20.0
UL Capacity per sector (# of links) 10.0
Troughput (kbps) 639.4
Cell dimensioning
Site antenna height (m) 30.0
Propagation coefficient 35.2
Path loss at 1 km 137.6
Selected environment correction 0.0
Maximum coverage range (km) 0.47 km
Area covered by 1 Site (km) 0.43 km

TMA No
PA Dimensioning
(% of PA for
Common
Channels, traffic
channels)
Downlink Link Budget
General
Body loss (dB) 1 dB
BS RX antenna gain 17 dB
BS TX cable & connector losses (dB) 3 dB
Penetration Factor 18 dB
Slant loss (dB) 1.5 dB
Shadowing Margin 5.2 dB
Frequency Shift UL/DL 1.3 dB
Coupling loss 1.3 dB
Additive DL Loss/UL Air interface 14.3 dB

BS RX noise figure 3 dB
BS Transmitter Power (W) 45.0 W
BS Transmitter Power (dBm) 46.5 dBm
Orthogonnality Factor 0.15

MS Noise Figure 7. dB
Noise Spectral Density (dBm/Hz) -167.0 dB
MS Thermal noise -101.2 dBm

Out-of-Cell to In-Cell Interf. Ratio (f) at 90% 190%
CPICH Ec/Io Target at 90% -15 dB
Ii = Interference intracell -93.8 dBm
Ie = Interference intercell -91.0 dBm
CPICH Power 36.4 dBm
CPICH Power ratio 10.3%
HS-SCCH relative to P-CPICH 0 dB
Com. Control Channels Power (d) including CPICH 35.6%
HS-PDSCH Power ratio 64.4%
DCH Power ratio 0.0%

Max UL Air interface Path Loss 126.0 dB
Max DL Path Losses (from PA to UE antenna
connector) 140.3 dB


+
Nortel Confidential Information 13



CQI Offset
HS-SCCH/CPICH
(dB)
1 7 0
8 9 -3
10 12 -5
13 30 -8



> PA Dimensioning
We set the CPICH target, typical value = -15 dB .
HSDPA adds a new common channel: the HS-SCCH that impacts the PA dimensioning and therefore the ratio
of PA for the traffic. The main goal of downlink link budget is to determine the allocated power HS-SCCH and
therefore the available power of traffic channels.
We set the HS-SCCH power relative to the CPICH as it is done for common channels
At the beginning the HS-SCCH power relative is set to 0.
PA Dimensioning
Relative to Power (W) Time
P-CPICH(dB) multiplexed
PA Power ---- 45.0 W
P-CPICH ---- 4.4 W 4.4 W
P-SCH -5.0 dB 1.4 W ----
S-SCH -5.0 dB 1.4 W ----
P-CCPCH -2.0 dB 2.8 W 2.8 W
S-CCPCH -3.0 dB 2.2 W 2.2 W
PICH -5.0 dB 1.4 W 1.4 W
AICH -7.0 dB 0.9 W 0.9 W
HS-SCCH 0.0 dB 4.4 W 4.4 W

Power allocated to common 16.0 W
Common/PA Ratio (included HS-SCCH) 35.6%
%(DCH+CCH) for DCH Margin 0.0 W

Power allocated to HSDPA traffic channel 29.0 W
Power allocated to R99 traffic channel 0.0 W
Power allocated to traffic channel 29.0 W
Traffic/PA Ratio 64.4%


HSDPA Traffic
Power
Downlink Link Budget

Nortel Confidential Information 14
> HSDPA Throughput

Nortel Confidential Information 15
HSDPA Throughput C/I formula




HSDPA Traffic
Power
C/I CQI Throughput
With:
DL_PL is downlink path loss
P
th
is the thermal noise (=INoise)
P
traffic_HSDPA
is the HS-PDSCH power, HDPA traffic power
RxDivGain is the UE Rx diversity gain
n is the number of code used
is the orthogonallity loss factor
PA is total power of BTS

I
e
is equal to :

yGain RxDiversit
* PL _ DL * P
yGain RxDiversit
* PA *
Ii
I
)
n
P
PA ( *
P
I
C
th
e
HSDPA _ Traffic
HSDPA _ Traffic
1 1
+ +
=
o
PL _ DL
PA
*
I
I
I *
I
I
I
i
e
i
i
e
e
= =
Nortel Confidential Information 16
CQI according to C/I(dB)
5
10
15
20
25
30
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
C/I (dB)
C
Q
I
CQI - category 6
CQI - category 10
CQI - category 12



HSDPA Traffic
Power
C/I CQI Throughput
C/I
CQI = 8
CQI
Throughput @ cell edge = 288 kbps
CQI mapping table for UE categories 6
Number of
CQI value
Transport
Block Size
# MAC-d
PDUs
per TrBlk
RLC Throughput per HS-
PDSCH HS-PDSCH Modulation
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
2 173 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
3 233 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
4 317 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
5 377 1 144 kbps 1 QPSK
6 461 1 144 kbps 1 QPSK
7 650 1 144 kbps 2 QPSK
8 792 2 288 kbps 2 QPSK
9 931 2 288 kbps 2 QPSK
10 1262 3 432 kbps 3 QPSK
11 1483 4 576 kbps 3 QPSK
12 1742 5 720 kbps 3 QPSK
13 2279 6 864 kbps 4 QPSK
14 2583 7 1008 kbps 4 QPSK
15 3319 9 1296 kbps 5 QPSK
16 3565 10 1440 kbps 5 16-QAM
17 4189 12 1728 kbps 5 16-QAM
18 4664 13 1872 kbps 5 16-QAM
19 5287 15 2160 kbps 5 16-QAM
20 5887 17 2448 kbps 5 16-QAM
21 6554 19 2736 kbps 5 16-QAM
22 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
23 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
24 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
25 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
26 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
27 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
28 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
29 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
30 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
See: 3GPP TS25.214
yGain RxDiversit
* PL _ DL * P
yGain RxDiversit
* PA *
Ii
I
)
n
P
PA ( *
P
I
C
th
e
HSDPA _ Traffic
HSDPA _ Traffic
1 1
+ +
=
o
CQI = 8
HSDPA Throughput @ cell edge
Nortel Confidential Information 17
Ie/Ii according to DL PL - Dense Urban
environment A
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
60 dB 80 dB 100 dB 120 dB 140 dB 160 dB
Down Link Pathloss (dB)
I
e
/
I
i

(
%
)
CQI according to C/I(dB)
5
10
15
20
25
30
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
C/I (dB)
C
Q
I
CQI - category 6
CQI - category 10
CQI - category 12
yGain RxDiversit
* PL _ DL * P
yGain RxDiversit
* PA *
Ii
I
)
n
P
PA ( *
P
I
C
th
e
HSDPA _ Traffic
HSDPA _ Traffic
1 1
+ +
=
o
C/I
CQI =19
CQI mapping table for UE categories 6
Number of
CQI value
Transport
Block Size
# MAC-d
PDUs
per TrBlk
RLC Throughput per HS-
PDSCH HS-PDSCH Modulation
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
2 173 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
3 233 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
4 317 0 0 kbps 1 QPSK
5 377 1 144 kbps 1 QPSK
6 461 1 144 kbps 1 QPSK
7 650 1 144 kbps 2 QPSK
8 792 2 288 kbps 2 QPSK
9 931 2 288 kbps 2 QPSK
10 1262 3 432 kbps 3 QPSK
11 1483 4 576 kbps 3 QPSK
12 1742 5 720 kbps 3 QPSK
13 2279 6 864 kbps 4 QPSK
14 2583 7 1008 kbps 4 QPSK
15 3319 9 1296 kbps 5 QPSK
16 3565 10 1440 kbps 5 16-QAM
17 4189 12 1728 kbps 5 16-QAM
18 4664 13 1872 kbps 5 16-QAM
19 5287 15 2160 kbps 5 16-QAM
20 5887 17 2448 kbps 5 16-QAM
21 6554 19 2736 kbps 5 16-QAM
22 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
23 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
24 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
25 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
26 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
27 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
28 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
29 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
30 7168 21 3024 kbps 5 16-QAM
Cell Throughput = 2160 kbps
Down Link Pathloss
Ie/Ii
Down Link Pathloss Distance Up Link Pathloss
CQI =19
HSDPA Throughput in the cell
Nortel Confidential Information 18
Multi-user gain

> Two different contributions increase the Multi-user gain (MUG):
The number of users scheduled per TTI: TTI_MUG
The scheduler strategy: Scheduler MUG


> There are several scheduler strategies:
Round-Robin
Proportional Fair
Max-Rate

> Multi-users scheduling per TTI
1 or 2 HS-SCCH required
Tradeoff: one HS-SCCH per cell limits cell throughput (only one UE is
scheduled in each TTI=2ms) but increase the available power for the HS-
DSCH =>higher throughput
A second user is scheduler if there is still some unused power available
(power adjustment used for the 1st user)


Nortel Confidential Information 19
Multi-user gain: TTI_MUG

> TTI_MUG is dependent on:
The available power for HSDPA traffic
The Maximum allowable HSDPA power per user, defined by the
MPO (measurement power offset)
> The MPO restricts the power used by the first user, to schedule a
second user with the remaining power, this results in:
A higher cell throughput.
A higher user throughput as the number of users per TTI is
increased (for a constant number of HSDPA active users in the cell).
Even if the first user receives less power, the throughput is not
necessary degraded, in good radio conditions. Typically, used with a
proportional fair scheduler, the two users scheduled with TTI MUG
should benefit from high throughputs.
Nortel Confidential Information 20
Multi-User gain: Scheduler gain

User 2 scheduled User 1 scheduled
A user is not scheduled if in deep fading !
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Time (sec)
F
a
s
t

F
a
d
i
n
g

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
Proportional Fair Scheduling principle
User 1
User 2
> Transmitting to users with favorable
short term radio conditions can increase
significantly the throughput compared to
a Round-Robin scheduler.

> The scheduler MUG increases as the
cell load increases. Indeed, the
probability to have one user with very
good radio conditions varies with the
number of active HSDPA users in the
cell.
Nortel Confidential Information 21
Scheduler MUG & Rx Diversity

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Multi-User Gain - Single - 3 km/h
#users per cell
M
U
G

%
1 RX
2 RX
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Multi-User Gain - Pedestrian_a - 3 km/h
#users per cell
M
U
G

%
1 RX
2 RX
> The MUG decreases when
The #RX antennae increase
The UE speed increases
The channel profile delay spread
increases

> Proportional fair is up to 100% gain
over the Round-Robin.

> Link Budget assumption : 20
simultaneous users per cell
Nortel Confidential Information 22
Scheduler MUG & Rx Diversity

> The mean user throughput decreases with the #users but not linearly
thanks to MUG (Multi-User Gain).
> RX diversity offers 15-20% extra again
1 Rx diversity : 1 antenna
2 Rx diversity : 2 antennas
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
#users per sector
M
e
a
n

u
s
e
r

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
/
s
)
Mean User Throughput vs. #users Single - 3 km/h - UE category 6
1 RX
2 RX
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
#users per sector
M
e
a
n

u
s
e
r

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
/
s
)
Mean User Throughput vs. #users Pedestrian_a - 3 km/h - UE category 6
1 RX
2 RX
Nortel Confidential Information 23
HSDPA Throughput RLC/MAC

> MAC-d SDU size is 336 bits (320 bits of payload and 16 bits of header)
so the number of SDU per transport block size is:




> The RLC Throughput per HS-PDSCH value in bps is:


> With TTI is 2 ms and PDU size is 320 bits and BLER = 10 %


)
size _ SDU _ d Mac
size _ block _ Transport
( round _ floor SDU _ NB

=
TTI
size _ PDU
* SDU _ NB Throughput _ RLC =
( ) BLER *
TTI
size _ PDU
* SDU _ NB Throughput _ RLC = 1
Nortel Confidential Information 24
Betas setting
Default values

> The values are set per RAB, compliant with the 3GPP specifications 25.213.
> Different power offset recommendations for the CQI and ACK/NACK

RAB CS 12.2 kb/s PS 64 kb/s PS 128 kb/s PS 384 kb/s
Beta
d
1 1 1 1
Beta
c
11/15 8/15 5/15 3/15
Beta
hs
/Beta
c
CQI

1 1 1 1
Beta
hs
/Beta
c
ACK/NACK

19/15 19/15 19/15 19/15
Nortel Confidential Information 25