Escuela Superior de Ingeniera Qumica e Industrias Extractivas

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica Petrolera Ingls III

Petroleum
Student: PIA ROSALES JORGE LUIS 1

A BIT OF HISTORY. FORMATION OF PETROLEUM. PETROLEUM TRAPS.

SOME OIL TRAPS.

OIL RECOVERY. OIL REFINING. IMPORTANT THINGS. DISTILLATION TOWER.

1000 b.C. 1852 1858

Arab scientists discovered distillation and were able to make kerosene. This was lost after the 12th century! Rediscovered by a Canadian geologist called Abraham Gesner. First oil well drilled in Canada as in a commercial way.
Edwin Drake
Who is he? He was the first person in the U.S. to drill for oil, for some people is called the father of the petroleum. Where? Titusville, Pennsylvania on August 27th 1859. Initial cost: $20 per barrel, within three years dropped to 10 cents

1859

Now why do we measure oil in barrels?

Most oil is produced at temperatures between about 60O and 120O C (the oil window). Depth represents Increase in time Increase in temperature

Increase in pressure

Oil window

Oil results from the breakdown of organic molecules under conditions of increasing temperature, from large complex molecules to smaller, shorter-chain molecules dominated by hydrogen and carbon: a process called cracking or pyrolysis. This occurs largely through the breaking of C-C bonds.

A geologic environment that allows significant amounts of

oil and gas to accumulate underground is termed an oil/petroleum trap

Oil and gas is contained in a reservoir. A reservoir must be permeable to oil and gas, and contain sufficient interconnected pore space to accommodate the petroleum.

Common examples are poorly lithified sandstones, carbonate reefs, diagenetic carbonates.

The roof of the trap must be made of material that is impermeable to fluids.

This is necessary to prevent the upward escape of oil and gas which are much less dense than the surrounding rock.

Common traps include anticline fold traps, faultbounded traps (structural traps)

as well as various stratigraphic traps.

In all of these cases: Oil and gas accumulates in a restricted area and the top of the permeable reservoir rock unit is sealed by an impermeable caprock.
FAULT-BOUNDED STRATIGRAPHIC ANTICLINE FOLD TRAP TRAP

When the cap rock is penetrated by drilling, the oil and natural gas, under pressure, migrate from the pore spaces of the reservoir rock to the drill hole.
Primary Recovery 20 to 30% of oil in reservoir Least expensive Uses natural pressure supplied by:
Water Gas cap Solution gas

Secondary Recoveryor Enhanced Oil Recoveryincreases production to 5060%

Water injection Gas re-injection Steam flooding Fire Flooding Chemical Flooding

Oil is extracted from the ground as crude oil.

It is then refined in a distillation tower that is divided into a series of collecting trays at different temperature conditions.

The crude oil is boiled to produce vapour.

Refining
The vapour is allowed to diffuse up the tower to cool and condense at different temperatures (lightest compounds will have lowest boiling temps).

The different components of crude oil can therefore be separated.

Refining Method by which crude oil converted to petroleum products

Distillation (fractionation) At high temperature the lightest fractions rise to the top of a tower, heavier fractions condense at bottom

Thermal Cracking

Catalytic Cracking Adds H, hydrogenation and thus increase the gas productions

Contaminants Sulphur, Vanadium, Nickel