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The term reproductive health refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. According to WHO reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioral and social.
Educate the marriageable age group about the birth control measures, care of pregnant mothers, prenatal and post natal caring, significance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for the male and female child, etc. Awareness about the uncontrolled population growth, sex abuse, and sex related crimes, etc. Provide medical assistance about the various problems such as abortion, contraception, menstrual problems, infertility, etc. Provide information about the misuse of amniocentesis, consequences of female foeticides etc.
Population explosion
Population explosion
Better living condition and increased health facilities leads to the considerable increase in population. In 1990, world population was 2 billion (200crores) and in 2000 it was 6 billion In India , at the time of independence, population was 350 millions and at 2000 it reached 100 crores (1 billion). This shows that every sixth person in the world is an Indian.
CONTACEPTIVES
Contraceptives are devices used to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Characteristics of contraceptives They should be user friendly, easily available, effective and with no or least side effects. It does not interfere with the sexual drive , desire and sexual act of the user .
NATURAL METHODS
These methods prevent the chances of ovum and sperm meeting. This include:1. Periodic abstinence It is a method in which the couples abstain or avoid from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle. This period is called the fertile period . 2. Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus In this method, the male partner withdraws his penis just before ejaculation. 3. Lactational amenorrhea It is also called absence of menstruation. Menstrual cycle does not occur during intense lactation following delivery. Therefore as long as the mother breast feed the child fully, the chances of conception are almost nil .however this method is effective only up to six months following delivery.
BARRIER METHODS
Following are the barrier methods for the men and woman to block the meeting of sperm and ovum 1. Condoms These are made of thin rubber or latex. They are used to cover the penis in male or vagina and cervix in the female just before coitus to prevent the entry of semen into the female genital tract. 2. Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults These are made of rubber that is inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. They block the entry of sperms into the genital tract through the cervix.
Male Condoms
Female Condom
Diaphragms
cervical caps
Copper T
i-pill emergency contraceptive pill. Just one pill within 72 hours of unprotected sex is all it takes to prevent a possible pregnancy and a traumatic abortion. Because prevention is better than abortion. Isnt it?
4. Pills
These are available in the form of tablets containing either progestogens or progesterone estrogen combinations. These are taken daily for a period of 21 days starting within the first five days of menstrual cycle .after a gap of 7 days repeat the same pattern till the female desires to prevent pregnancy . Eg; Saheli is a non-steroidal once a week pill for the female .It will inhibit ovulation and implantation .It has high contraceptive value with very few side effects.
5. Surgical methods
This include, (a) Vasectomy It is a sterilization procedure in the males. In this, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
(b) Tubectomy
It is a sterilization procedure in the females .In this ,a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina .
Amniocentesis
(Amniocentesis is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.) It is a prenatal diagnostic used to determine the chromosomal abnormalities of the unborn child. This technique may be misused for sex determination and the MTP of the female child. So statutory ban on amniocentesis is necessary.
INFERTILITY
Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of sexual co-habitation is called infertility . A large number of infertility clinics are available now a days to help such couples by providing special techniques commonly known as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) The ART includes the following 1.In vitro fertilization
It is popularly known as test tube baby programme . In vitro fertilization means fertilization outside the body . In this method , ova from the wife or donor and sperm from the husband or donor male are collected and are induced to form zygote in the laboratory. The zygote thus formed is allowed to develop in vitro until it reaches 8 celled stage. Then it is transferred into the fallopian (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer). In the 32 celled condition it is transferred into the uterus (IUTintra uterine transfer) for complete development.
2.Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) It is the transfer of ovum taken from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who is unable to produce it, but can give suitable environment for fertilization and further development . 3.Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) It is a method in which the sperm is directly injected into the ovum to form the zygote in the laboratory. 4.Artificial Insemination (AI) In this method , the semen is collected either from the husband or from the donor and introduced into the vagina or into the uterus
Louise Brown, the world's first "test tube baby" with her mother Lesley. Photo taken 9 October, 1978.