Literature

Review
What is a literature
review?
 Literature
review in a research
report is a summary of
current empirical &
theoretical knowledge
about a particular
practice problem that
Conducting a Literature
Review

 The process of examining

an extensive number of
research & theoretical
sources to generate a
picture of what is known &
not known about a clinical
problem.
 The Literature Review
 Review the scientific
literature
 Do the review early
 The review can help you
 See if your idea has been
tried
 Include all relevant constructs
 Select instruments
Literature Review
Process
 Identify sources
 Locate sources
 Critique sources for
significant information
 Generate a written
summary of the
knowledge gained
 Identifying & Locating
Sources
 Computer search of data
bases
 Internet search & retrieval
of electronic sources
 Searching academic &
special libraries
 Using Interlibrary load
department
 Writing Literature
Review
 Introduction to indicate
content & organization of
literature review
 Synthesis of empirical
literature
 Synthesis of theoretical
literature
(if appropriate)
 Summary of what is
Frameworks
Theories & Conceptual Models
ü Theory – a systematic, abstract of
explanation of some aspect of reality.
Concepts are knitted together into a
coherent system to describe or explain
some aspects of the world
ü In quantitative – start with a theory,
framework or conceptual model.
ü In qualitative – theory is the product
participant’s input is the starting point
which the researcher begin to
conceptualize, seeking to explain
patterns, commonalities &
relationships emerging from the
 Framework

- the overall conceptual

underpinnings of a study.
 Not every study is based on the
theory or conceptual model, but
every study has a framework.
 If based in a theory thesis a
theoretical framework.
 Based in a conceptual model –
conceptual framework.
 Purposes of Theories and
Conceptual Models

make research findings meaningful

and generalizable.
- Allow researchers to knit together
observations and facts into an
orderly scheme.
Purposes of
Frameworks
 More useful
Ø Guide a researcher’s understanding
of not only the what of natural
phenomena but also the why of
their occurrence.
Ø Provide a basis for predicting the
occurrence
Ø Control of phenomena
Purposes of Frameworks
contd.
Ø Help to stimulate research and
the extension of knowledge by
providing both direction and
impetus.
Ø Serve as a springboard for
advances in knowledge and the
accumulation of evidence for
practice.
Relationship between Theory
and Research
ü reciprocal and mutually beneficial
ü concepts and relationship that are validated
empirically through research become the
foundation of theory development. They
likewise must be tested by subjecting
deductions from it (hypotheses)
ü Theory guides and generates ideas for research
ü Research assesses the worth of the theory and
provides a foundation for new theories
Conceptual Models of Nursing
4 Metaparadigms
 Person
 Environment
 Health
 Nursing
Other models used in Nursing that
are authored by non-nurses

 Health Belief Model

 Lazarus & Folkman’s Theory of
Stress & Coping
 Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
 Ethnography use ideational theories
which suggests that cultural conditions
& adaptation stem from mental activity
and ideas.

 Materialistic theories – which view

material conditions, resources, money
as a source of cultural development.
Theories in Quantitative Research

 Test hypothesis, deduced from a

previously proposed theory.
 Tip – read theory from the primary
source.
- An after fact linkage of the
theory to a problem may add little
to the study’s worth and no
evidence of the theory’s validity.
 Concepts: Levels of Abstraction

Constru EMOTIONAL Abstra

ct RESPONSES ct

Conce ANXIE
pt TY

Variab PALMAR Concre

le SWEATING te
Physiology: Stress

Stress
or ANS
+

BP, Pulse, CO
Cardiac Work
 Social Cognitive Theory

Perso
n Outcome
Self- Expectati
Efficacy ons
Expectati Behavi
or

Outco
me
Health Belief Model
Likelihood
susceptibil of
ity
seriousn taking
ess
knowled Performance
ge of
benefi
ts activity
barrie
rs Improved
confiden
ce
health motivation
health
status
Health Locus of Control

Powerf
ul
Intern others
al

Chan
ce
 Developing A
Framework
 Selecting Concepts
 Determining Relationships
 Expressing concepts &
relationships in a map
 Identifying Propositions
 Stating hypotheses or questions
 Providing conceptual &
operational definitions of
variables
 Statement
Extraction
Commonly, MI patients gain
knowledge about the heart and
cardiac risk factors through cardiac
rehabilitation

CARDIAC KNOWLED
REHABILITATI GE
ON
 Statement
Extraction
Despite this new knowledge,
reports of compliance over time
have been inconsistent.

KNOWLED COMPLIAN
GE CE
 Statement
Extraction
Senner, Malinow, and Matarazzo (1980)
Senner, Malinow, and Matarazzo (1980)
found compliance behaviors declined after
recovery from the initial attack

Similarly, the high level of compliance to

regimen prescriptions exhibited by MI
patients at early stages of convalescence
was not lasting (Burgess et al, 1987)

INITIAL COMPLIAN
RECOVERY CE
 Statement
Extraction
Compliance with the prescription of
a medical regimen has been found
to be significantly related to
psychosocial variables (Wiklund,
Sanne, Vedin, & Wilhelmsson,
1984).
PSYCHOSOC
COMPLIAN
IAL
CE
VARIABLES
 Statement
Extraction
Favorable patient attitudes toward
regimen compliance have been
found to increase regimen
compliance

ATTITUD COMPLIAN
ES CE
 Statement
Extraction
Strong patient intentions and
perceived beliefs of significant others
have also been found to promote
performance of the medical regimen
INTENTIO
NS
COMPLIAN
BELIEFS CE
OF
 Fishbein Model of Reasoned
Action

Attitudes, the perceived beliefs of

others, & the motivation to comply with
others’ beliefs are predictive of the
person’s intentions to perform a
behavior.
ATTITUDES
PERCEIVED INTENTI
BELIEFS ON
OF OTHERS
MOTIVATION TO
COMPLY
 Stating Propositions
 Knowledge leads to intentions.
 Knowledge about health
consequences leads to intentions
to change health behaviors .
 Intentions cause compliance.
 Intentions to change predict
change in behavior.
 Conceptual Map Derived
from Relational Statements

Psychosocial
Variables
Patient Attitudes

Perceived Beliefs
of Others

Motivation to
Comply

Cardiac
Rehabilitati Knowled Intentio Complian
on ge ns ce