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Rolling noises
Such as wind turbulence and tire/road surface, brakes, rattles, and load.
Rolling noise contributes little to the total noise for heavy vehicles operating at low speeds. For cars running at a speed > 60 km/h, rolling noise is the dominant noise source.
Fan noise
Significant for large commercial vehicles
Transmission noise
Not an important source of noise under normal conditions
Brake squeal
can be a significant source of noise.
Railway Noise
The structure of a railway consists of train, track and roadbed.
Noise sources include
rolling noise engine noise body vibration of a train the structure on the ground
Railway Noise
There is a wide range of parameters affecting the noise level of the railway system
types of locomotive propulsion system the compressors, motor generators, brakes etc. the interaction of the wheels and rails the noise radiated by vibrating structure such as steel bridges, the speed of train and its length. The generated airborne noise radiated into community, also ground borne noise and vibration which travels through the track, support structure and the intervening soil to nearby buildings.
Insulation mat
Construction Noise
Impact noise
Piling Hand-held breaker Excavator mounted breaker Vibration hammer.
Engine noise
Compressors Generators Trucks
126
129 129 122 126 126 113 135 130
Legislation
Piling work:
5 hours per day max (daytime 07:00 19:00)
Product label:
Noise level specified for the product
Chemical Composition
Constituent Chemical Formula Percent by Volume Parts per Million by Volume
Nitrogen
Oxygen Argon
N2
O2 Ar Ne He Kr H2 Xe N2O H2O CO2 CH4 CO O3 NH3 NO2 SO2 H2S
78.084
20.946 0.934 18.2 5.2 1.1 0.5 0.09 0.3 0.01-7 0.036 1.72 0.11 0.02 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.00005
Constant
Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon Monoxide Ozone Ammonia Nitrogen dioxide Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide
2. Greenhouse gases
P1, P2, P3 = pressure of each gas if it were in container alone, that is, partial pressure
It may also be written in terms of the ideal gas law: RT RT RT Pt n1 n2 n3 ... V V V RT (n1 n2 n3 ...) V
Units of Measure
Concentration the amount (mass, moles, molecules, etc) of a substance in a given volume divided by that volume. The example concentration units are mg/m3, mol/m3, molecules/cc, and etc. Mixing ratio the ratio of the amount of the substance in a given volume to the total amount of all constituents in that volume.
1 gas volume
1012 air volume
Concentration Expressions
Metric unit: expressed as mass per unit volume
microgram per cubic meter (g/m3) milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3)
Important!
62.36 M
T P
M is molecular weight of the pollutant R = 62.36 (mm Hg-L)/(mol-K) P is pressure (mmHg) T is temperature (K) at reference, respectively
Standard condition: 760 mmHg; 25 C
Adapted from The Atmosphere, Eighth edition, by F. Lutgens and Tarbuck, Prentice Hall
Solar radiation at the top and bottom of the earths atmosphere (blackbody radiation at ~ 6000 K) O2, O3 and H2O absorbing some portions of the radiation Radiation concentrated in the visible light region (green)
Greenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Air pollution
Clear air becomes polluted when it is changed by addition of particles, gases or energy forms such as heat, radiation, or noise so that the altered atmosphere is less useful to mankind or poses some harm because of its impact on weather, climate, human health, animals, vegetation and materials.
Volcanic eruption:
particulate matter, SO2, H2S smokes, hydrocarbon, CO, CO2, NOx
Anthropogenic Pollution
Significant environmental problem because of its impact on human health and welfare
Direct chemical attack oxidation/reduction reactions Indirect chemical attack pollutants are absorbed and then react with
some component of the absorbent to form a destructive compound.
2. Effects on vegetation NO2 - inhibit plant growth and produce surface spotting.
4. Effects on visibility
Secondary: the pollutants that are formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants,
such as O3 and H2SO4
Non-criteria pollutant
those other contaminants designated as toxic or hazards (e.g. benzene) and have been studied in industrial hygiene environments
CO:
colorless, odorless, and tasteless, mainly from the incomplete burning of fossil fuel and other organic matter:
(CO is a major air pollutant because of its health effects, and is regulated under an ambient air quality standard.)
Sources:
transportation, solid waste disposal, agricultural burning, and steel production; (Natural sources include CH4 and HCs oxidation, forest fire,
microbial processes in ocean and soil.)
Sinks
chemical reaction with OH in the air (CO+ OH CO2 + H) and uptake by microorganisms
Source:
produced from when organic matter is burned, weathered, or biologically decomposed.
C + O2 CO2
Sinks
uptake by plants (photosynthesis) and oceans.
Source:
mainly from burning of sulfur containing fossil fuel such as coal and oil, as well as roasting metal sulfide ores in steel and iron industries. (Major natural source is volcanoes and oxidation of reduced S compounds.)
Sinks:
by wet and dry deposition and conversion to H2SO4 and sulfate (then removed from wet and dry deposition)
Nitrogen compounds:
N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HNO2, CH3COO2NO2, NO3, HCN, NO3-, NO2-, NH4 Nitrous Oxide(N2O): colorless, nontoxic, slightly sweet, relatively non-toxic (widely used as an anesthetic), greenhouse gas produced naturally from soils by anaerobic bacteria. It can dessociate by short UV in the stratosphere to produce NO, thus can influence ozone in the stratosphere.
Nitrogen compounds:
Nitric Oxide (NO):
colorless, odorless, tasteless, and relatively nontoxic; important in smog chemistry
Source:
high temperature combustion from automobile exhaust and stationary sources such as power plants; (Major natural source is anaerobic biological processes in soil and water.)
N2+O2 2NO
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): colored as light yellowish at low concentrations to reddish at high concentrations, it is toxic and corrosive gas. (NO and NO2 play important roles in smog pollution and climate change.)
Natural
emissions from forest trees (mainly isoprene and monoterpenes), grassland (light alkanes and higher HCs) soils (mainly ethane), and ocean water (alkenes and C9-C28 alkanes).
+ hn + O2
Photochemical Smog
In both developed and developing countries, the major threat to clean air is posed by traffic emissions in summer.
The archetype is the Los Angeles photochemical smog, first described in 1948 and now plaguing cities from Athens to Mexico City.
Ozone Sinks
1. Surface destruction or deposition
- reaction with plants, bare land, ice and snow, and man-made structures - deposition of O3 is at its greatest over forests and croplands during daylight hours.
2. Photochemical reactions
-photodissociation on absorption of UV light and subsequent formation of OH radicals.
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter is a collective term used to describe small solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere. It is of a major air-quality concern because it is
1) 2) 3) an inhalation hazard to humans and animals, reduces visibility, affects climate on regional and global scales.
Particle size is a very important characteristics because it determines atmospheric lifetime, effects on light scattering, deposition in human lungs.
Most atmospheric particles are very small (<0.1 m), whereas most aerosol mass is associated with particles > 0.1 m.
Bacteria: 10 m
Road Dust: 5 m
Coal Dust: 2 m
Human Hair: 100 m
Viruses: 0.4 m
Particulate Matter
Source
Primary
Natural volcanoes, forest fires, ocean sprays, biologic sources (mold, pollen, bacteria etc.) Anthropogenic transportation, fuel combustion in stationary sources, and other activities such as industrial processes, construction and agricultural
activity
Secondary
from chemical processes involving gases, aerosol particles and moisture
Particulate Matter
Chemical composition:
major components include organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), sulfate, nitrate, and a variety of trace metal. In Hong Kong, C ~ 50% of PM10 mass; sulfate ~17%, nitrate~6%
Sink:
wet and dry deposition
Summary
Some basic knowledge on the atmosphere, including chemical composition, radiation by sun and earth, and thermal structure of the atmosphere. Properties, sources and sinks of major air pollutants such as carbon oxides, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons. These can come from very complex sources, including natural and man-made, primary and secondary. Photochemical oxidants and particulate matter. Chemical reactions can be very complicated for photochemical oxidants.
Understanding of above fundamental aspects is important for the management of air pollution.