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Chapter 1

Data Information
Example: - Sales data is customers names, purchased quantities, and paid money - Sales information is report of sales by product type and salesperson.

What is a system?

What is an Information System?

It is any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, data resources, and policies and procedures.

What are the major reasons to use Information Systems?

1- Support of business processes and operations. *For example, machines that record sales. 2- Support of decision making by employees and managers. *For example, programs that show previous sales on a specific product helps managers take decisions whether to sell more of that product or not. 3- Support of strategies for competitive advantage. *For example, IS that supports the business such as building a website that helps increase sales.

e-business applications
e-business is the use of Internet technologies to help the business. Examples: 1- Intranet, extranet, and internet: -Internet is global where all users connect to each other. -Extranet is customized for companies where they only connect with suppliers. -Intranet is personal for a specific companys employees to keep all communications secret. 2- e-commerce: Such as websites and trading online.

Types of Information Systems.

First type: Operations systems. Information systems that specialize in the operating functions in a business and are divided in 3 types: 1-Transaction processing systems: Process data from transactions and produces business documents. Example: Sales and accounting systems.

2- Process control systems: Monitor and control industrial processes. Example: Petroleum refining. 3- Enterprise collaboration systems: Supports teams communications. Example: emails.

Types of Information Systems.

Second type: Management Systems. Information systems that provide information to help managers, there are 3 types: 1- Management information systems: Provides documents and reports to help managers decide. Example: Sales analysis.

2- Decision support systems: Supports decisionmaking by forecasting results. Example: Risk analysis systems. 3- Executive information systems: Provides critical information to the executives.

Example: Systems to show managers the business performance.

Chapter 2

What are the competitive forces used to strengthen a business?

Competitive forces are actions a business can take to be powerful, there are 5 forces that can be used: 1- Cost leadership strategy: Becoming a low cost producer. 2- Differentiation strategy: Doing something new to attract customers. Example: Creating an online program where customers get to design their own houses.

3- Innovation: Finding new ways to do business. Example: Selling products online.

4- Growth strategies: Enlarging your business or producing more products. Example: Franchising. 5- Alliance: Partnering with a company to have more power.

How can IS help e-business?

1- Track individual preferences. 2- Keep up with market trends.

3- Supply products and services anywhere and at anytime. 4- Provide customer service for everyone personally by using Customer Relationship Management.

How can IS help a business be agile?

Note: Agile business is a business that acts fast according to market needs. Agile means fast. Information systems can help business be agile in three ways: 1- Customer: Information systems can allow people to suggest improvements on products, this way, a company would know how to fit their needs faster. Example: eBay receives messages every month on how to improve the service from customers.

2- Partnering: Partnering with other companies can help a company react faster to the market needs.
Example: Yahoo! transformed from being a search engine to being a complete portal for people through partnering with competitors. 3- Operational: Allowing customers and suppliers to connect easily.

What is a Value Chain?

Activities that add value to the company. There are two processes of value chain, Primary Processes and Support Processes. 1- Primary Processes: Business activities related to manufacturing. 2- Support process: Day to day activities operation.

What is a virtual company?

A virtual company is a company that uses information systems to connect people, products, organizations, and ideas.

What is business process reengineering?

It is rethinking and redesigning a companys techniques to give it more strength.

What is a Knowledge Creating Company?

Chapter 3

What are the main Computer System categories? State their uses.

1- Micro computers
Notebooks, laptops, and desktop computers. Workstation computers: More powerful micro computers that are used with heavy duty programs such as designing programs. Network servers: More powerful micro computers that are arrange networks and telecommunications.

2- Midrange systems

High power network servers that can handle large-scale processing of many business applications. They are also used to store large business data.

3- Mainframe systems
These are large, fast, and powerful computers. They can process thousands of millions of instructions per second. They have huge storage capacities. They are used in huge firms.

Components of computers and their processes

Input- Devices that are used to input information in computers. These include mice, keyboards, and scanners. Processing- The CPU, central processing unit, is the brain of the computer that processes the data you input.

 Output- The devices that show results you get after the data you input is processed. Example: The screen and the printer.
Storage- Devices that store data. Example: Hard discs and USB flash drives. Control- The control unit understands your instructions and directs processing.

Common input devices:

Keyboard Pointing Devices (MOUSE) Pen Based Computing (Pad) Speech Recognition Optical Scanning Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Smart Cards Digital Cameras

Common output devices:

Video Output
CRT (Old Technology) LCD / LED

Printed Output
Inkjet Laser

Common storage devices:

Primary storage devices: The store and run operating programs such as Windows. RAM & ROM Memory Secondary storage devices: They store programs on your computer and data. Magnetic Disks Optical Disks Magnetic Tapes Flash Drives RFID

Storage devices

Chapter 4

What is a software?
Software is a general term for programs you run and use on a computer. There are two main categories: 1- Application software- All application programs you use on your computer. Example: Microsoft Office. 2- System software- Programs that manage and support the computer systems. Example: Windows

Application software
Performs and processes tasks for users. Classified into two groups. 1- General-purpose application programs. 2- Function-specific application software.

1- General-purpose application programs: Programs that perform common information and processes jobs.

Example: Word processing programs, web browsers, emails. 2- Function-specific software: Programs that support specific function Example: Electronic commerce, accounting programs, customer relationship management programs

Custom and COTS software

Custom software- Programs that are design for a specific company to operate with. Example: When a company builds its own accounting program. COTS software- Commercial off-the-shelf, which are programs designed to the public.

Example: When a company develops a new program and sells it to people everywhere.

What are software groupware?

Software that helps workgroups collaborate on group assignments
E-mail, discussion groups, databases, audio, and video conferencing

E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Exchange

Windows SharePoint Services and WebSphere both allow teams to create websites for information sharing and document collaboration

What are the alternatives for software development?

Outsourcing- Contracting with a different company to do the part of work for you. Application service provider- Using a software that is owned and maintained by a software company.

Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a new technology. It is a virtual storage room for users to store and access programs anywhere and anytime. For example, programs would be saved on the internet in a cloud for you to access without downloading it.
No technology knowledge, expertise, or control needed Pay-for-use avoids capital expenditures Sharing computer power improves utilization rates Capacity can be scaled upward almost instantly Immediate access to broad range of applications E.g. Google word, presentation & spread sheet

Software licensing

Types of operating systems

Windows (Use PC Hardware) Unix
GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia Microsofts operating system Different versions manage servers
Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange, & PCs Low-cost, powerful, reliable, Unix-like Open-source Apple operating system for the iMac GUI, Multitasking & Multimedia

Linux (Use PC Hardware) MAC OS X

Programing languages

Web programing languages

Chapter 6

What is Telecommunications?
Telecommunications is the exchange of information in any form, such as voice, data, texts, images, or video. Example of telecommunications is the Internet

Characteristics of the internet2 technology

What are the difference between internet, intranet & extranet?

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks. An Extranet an extension of an organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers, in isolation from all other Internet users An Intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization.

Internet uses

What are internet service providers?

Types of network communications

 1- Wide Area Network (WAN): It covers large geographical areas. 2- Local Area Network (LAN): Connects computers within a limited physical area, such as classrooms and within the company.
3- Virtual Private Network (VPN): Connects two companies or more wirelessly.

 4- Client/Server Network:

Peer-to-Peer: Peer means person, person-toperson network is when you connect yourself to another computer on the internet using a program such as KAZA.

Telecommunication media
Twisted-Pair Wire Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

Types of wireless technology

Voice over IP
Voice over IP is a technology that allows you to make voice calls over the internet without recharging money from the user. Example: Skype.

Bandwidth
It is a measurement of a telecommunication network speed. Transmission Rates Narrow-band Slow networks. Broadband- Higher and most efficient networks.

Network topologies
Network topologies is the structured arrangement of users in a network. There are 3 types:

1- Ring Network: Ties all computers to a ring together then through the ring to the server. 2- Star Network: Ties users to a central computer or a server directly. 3- Bus Network: Where all computers share the same channel.